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deal with deficit

1 deal with deficit

Макаров: пытаться разрешить проблему дефицита

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > deal with deficit
2 deficit

n

дефицит; нехватка, недостаток

to bridge the budget deficit — покрывать дефицит бюджета

to bring the deficit down — уменьшать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)

to close deficit — покрывать дефицит

to compensate for the deficit — возмещать / компенсировать дефицит

to cope effectively with the deficit — успешно справляться с дефицитом

to cover deficit — покрывать дефицит

to curb the deficit — обуздывать / ограничивать дефицит

to cure the deficit — ликвидировать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)

to cut the balance-of-payments deficit — сокращать дефицит платежного баланса

to deal effectively with the deficit — успешно справляться с дефицитом

to eliminate the deficit — ликвидировать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)

to grapple with the trade deficit — пытаться ликвидировать дефицит торгового баланса

to make up for the deficit — возмещать / компенсировать дефицит

to meet overall deficit — восполнять общий дефицит

to narrow the deficit — уменьшать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)

to offset deficit — покрывать дефицит

to pare balance-of-payments deficit — сокращать дефицит платежного баланса

to reduce / to slash the deficit — сокращать дефицит

to stem budget deficit — задерживать рост дефицита бюджета

to tackle the trade deficit — пытаться ликвидировать дефицит торгового баланса

to whittle away / down the deficit — уменьшать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)

to wipe out the deficit — ликвидировать дефицит (бюджета и т.п.)

- alarming deficit
- bloated deficit
- budget deficit
- cash deficit
- chronic deficit
- constant deficit
- deficit continues to mount alarmingly
- deficit fell
- deficit has ballooned
- deficit has widened
- deficit in the balance of payments
- deficit is rocketing
- deficit shrank
- deficit stood at $...
- dramatic improvement in the balance-of-payments deficit
- external deficit
- federal budget deficit
- fiscal deficit
- food deficit
- foreign deficit
- foreign-exchange deficit
- foreign-trade deficit
- government deficit
- growth of the budget deficit
- huge deficit
- massive deficit
- negative deficit
- outstanding deficit
- projected deficit
- record deficit
- record-breaking deficit
- reduction of the budget deficit
- trade deficit
- vast deficit

Politics english-russian dictionary > deficit
3 пытаться разрешить проблему дефицита

Makarov: deal with deficit

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пытаться разрешить проблему дефицита
4 cover

cover ['kʌvə(r)]

housse ⇒ 1 (a) couvre-lit ⇒ 1 (b) couvercle ⇒ 1 (c) couverture ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (f), 1 (g) abri ⇒ 1 (e) remplacement ⇒ 1 (h) couvrir ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (d), 2 (f)-(k) recouvrir ⇒ 2 (b) parcourir ⇒ 2 (d) traiter ⇒ 2 (e) avoir sous surveillance ⇒ 2 (l) marquer ⇒ 2 (m)

1 noun

(a) (protective → for cushion, typewriter) housse f; (→ for umbrella) fourreau m;

∎ loose cover (for chair, sofa) housse f

(b) (on bed → bedspread) couvre-lit m;

∎ the covers (blankets) les couvertures fpl

(c) (lid) couvercle m

(d) (of book, magazine) couverture f;

∎ (front) cover couverture f;

∎ to read a book (from) cover to cover lire un livre de la première à la dernière page ou d'un bout à l'autre

(e) (shelter, protection) abri m; Hunting (for birds, animals) couvert m; Military (from gunfire etc) couvert m, abri m; (firing) tir m de couverture ou de protection;

∎ to take cover se mettre à l'abri;

∎ to take cover from the rain s'abriter de la pluie;

∎ to run for cover courir se mettre à l'abri;

∎ that tree will provide cover cet arbre va nous permettre de nous abriter ou nous offrir un abri;

∎ we'll give you cover (by shooting) nous vous couvrirons;

∎ to keep sth under cover garder qch à l'abri;

∎ to do sth under cover of darkness faire qch à la faveur de la nuit;

∎ under cover of the riot/noise profitant de l'émeute/du bruit;

∎ they escaped under cover of the riot/noise ils ont profité de l'émeute/du bruit pour s'échapper;

∎ to work under cover travailler clandestinement;

∎ to break cover (animal, person in hiding) sortir à découvert

(f) Insurance couverture f;

∎ to have cover against sth être couvert ou assuré contre qch;

∎ I've taken out cover for medical costs j'ai pris une assurance pour les frais médicaux

(g) (disguise, front → for criminal enterprise) couverture f; (→ for spy) fausse identité f, identité f d'emprunt;

∎ familiar your cover has been blown vous avez été démasqué;

∎ to be a cover for sth servir de couverture à qch;

∎ it's just a cover for her shyness c'est juste pour cacher ou masquer sa timidité

(h) (during a person's absence) remplacement m;

∎ to provide cover for sb remplacer qn;

∎ I provide emergency cover je fais des remplacements d'urgence

(i) Finance marge f de sécurité;

∎ to operate with/without cover opérer avec couverture/à découvert

(j) Music (new version of song) reprise f

(k) (in restaurant) couvert m

(l) (envelope) enveloppe f;

∎ under plain/separate cover sous pli discret/séparé

2 transitive verb

(a) (in order to protect) couvrir; (in order to hide) cacher, dissimuler; (cushion, chair, settee) recouvrir; (in bookbinding → book) couvrir;

∎ to cover sth with a sheet/blanket recouvrir qch d'un drap/d'une couverture;

∎ to cover one's eyes se couvrir les yeux;

∎ to cover one's ears se boucher les oreilles;

∎ to cover one's face with one's hands (in shame, embarrassment) se couvrir le visage de ses mains;

∎ to cover one's shyness/nervousness dissimuler ou masquer sa timidité/nervosité

(b) (coat → of dust, snow) recouvrir;

∎ to be covered in dust/snow être recouvert de poussière/neige;

∎ his face was covered in spots son visage était couvert de boutons;

∎ you're covering everything in dust/paint tu mets de la poussière/peinture partout;

∎ figurative I was covered in or with shame j'étais mort de honte;

∎ figurative to cover oneself in glory se couvrir de gloire;

∎ our team didn't exactly cover itself in glory notre équipe n'est pas rentrée très glorieuse

(c) (extend over, occupy → of city, desert etc) couvrir une surface de;

∎ water covers most of the earth's surface l'eau recouvre la plus grande partie de la surface de la terre;

∎ his interests cover a wide field il a des intérêts très variés;

∎ does this translation cover the figurative meaning of the word? cette traduction couvre-t-elle bien le sens figuré du mot?

(d) (travel over) parcourir, couvrir;

∎ we've covered every square inch of the park looking for it nous avons ratissé chaque centimètre carré du parc pour essayer de le retrouver;

∎ we covered 100 kilometres before breakfast nous avons fait 100 kilomètres avant le petit déjeuner;

∎ to cover a lot of ground (travel great distance) faire beaucoup de chemin; (search etc over a wide area) parcourir un champ très vaste; figurative (book, author etc) couvrir de nombreux domaines; (meeting etc) traiter bien des problèmes

(e) (deal with) traiter;

∎ there's one point we haven't covered il y a un point que nous n'avons pas traité ou vu;

∎ is that everything covered? (in discussion) tout a été vu?;

∎ the course covers the first half of the century le cours couvre la première moitié du siècle;

∎ to cover all eventualites parer à toute éventualité;

∎ the law doesn't cover that kind of situation la loi ne prévoit pas ce genre de situation

(f) (report on) couvrir, faire la couverture de

(g) (of salesman, representative) couvrir

(h) (be enough money for → damage, expenses) couvrir; (→ meal) suffire à payer;

∎ £30 should cover it 30 livres devraient suffire;

∎ to cover a deficit combler un déficit;

∎ Accountancy to cover a loss couvrir un déficit;

∎ to cover one's costs (company) rentrer dans ses frais

(i) Insurance couvrir, garantir;

∎ to be covered against or for sth être couvert ou assuré contre qch

(j) Finance

∎ to cover a bill faire la provision d'une lettre de change;

∎ Stock Exchange to cover a position couvrir une position

(k) (with gun → colleague) couvrir;

∎ I've got you covered (to criminal) j'ai mon arme braquée sur toi;

∎ figurative the president covered himself by saying that… le président s'est couvert en disant que…

(l) (monitor permanently → exit, port etc) avoir sous surveillance;

∎ I want all exits covered immediately je veux que toutes les sorties soient mises sous surveillance immédiatement

(m) Sport marquer

(n) Music (song) faire une reprise de

(o) (of male animal) couvrir, s'accoupler avec

3 covers plural noun

Sport (in cricket) = partie du terrain située sur l'avant et sur la droite du batteur, à mi-distance de la limite du terrain

►► cover charge (in restaurant) couvert m; American (in bar) entrée f, prix m d'entrée;

cover girl cover-girl f;

American cover letter (for job application) lettre f de motivation; (sent with invoice etc) lettre f d'accompagnement;

cover mount = cadeau offert avec un magazine;

British Insurance cover note attestation f provisoire;

cover page (of fax) page f de garde;

Sport cover point (in cricket) = joueur qui double celui qui est situé à droite du guichet;

cover price (of magazine) prix m;

cover sheet (of fax) page f de garde;

Press cover story article m principal (faisant la couverture)

➲ cover for inseparable transitive verb

(replace) remplacer; (provide excuses for) couvrir;

∎ I refuse to cover for you with the boss je refuse de te couvrir auprès du patron

➲ cover in separable transitive verb

(hole) remplir

➲ cover up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (hide, conceal) cacher, dissimuler; (in order to protect) recouvrir; pejorative (involvement, report etc) dissimuler, garder secret(ète); (affair) étouffer;

∎ they covered up the body with a sheet ils ont recouvert le cadavre d'un drap;

∎ cover yourself up! (for decency) couvre-toi!

(b) (in order to keep warm) couvrir

2 intransitive verb

∎ (hide something) the government is covering up again le gouvernement est encore en train d'étouffer une affaire;

∎ to cover up for sb couvrir qn, protéger qn;

∎ they're covering up for each other ils se couvrent l'un l'autre

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > cover
5 meet

1. transitive verb,
met

1) (come face to face with or into the company of) treffen

I have to meet my boss at 11 a.m. — ich habe um 11 Uhr einen Termin beim Chef

arrange to meet somebody — sich mit jemandem verabreden

2) (go to place of arrival of) treffen; (collect) abholen

I'll meet your train — ich hole dich vom Zug ab

meet somebody halfway — (fig.) jemandem [auf halbem Wege] entgegenkommen

3) (make the acquaintance of) kennen lernen

I'd like you to meet my wife — ich möchte Sie gern meiner Frau vorstellen od. mit meiner Frau bekannt machen

pleased to meet you — [sehr] angenehm; sehr erfreut

4) (reach point of contact with) treffen auf (+ Akk.)

meet the eye/somebody's eye[s] — sich den/jemandes Blicken darbieten

meet the ear/somebody's ears — das/jemandes Ohr treffen

there's more to it than meets the eye — da ist od. steckt mehr dahinter, als man zuerst denkt

5) (experience) stoßen auf (+ Akk.) [Widerstand, Problem]; ernten [Gelächter, Drohungen]

meet [one's] death or one's end/disaster/one's fate — den Tod finden (geh.) /von einer Katastrophe/seinem Schicksal ereilt werden (geh.)

6) (satisfy) entsprechen (+ Dat.) [Forderung, Wunsch]; einhalten [Termin, Zeitplan]

7) (pay) decken [Kosten, Auslagen]; bezahlen [Rechnung]
2. intransitive verb,
met

1) (come face to face) (by chance) sich (Dat.) begegnen; (by arrangement) sich treffen

we've met before — wir kennen uns bereits

2) (assemble) [Komitee, Ausschuss usw.:] tagen

meet together — sich versammeln

3) (come together) [Bahnlinien, Straßen usw.:] aufeinander treffen; [Flüsse] zusammenfließen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/89078/meet_up">meet up

- meet with

* * *
[mi:t] 1. past tense, past participle - met; verb
1) (to come face to face with (eg a person whom one knows), by chance: She met a man on the train.) treffen

2) ((sometimes, especially American, with with) to come together with (a person etc), by arrangement: The committee meets every Monday.) zusammenkommen

3) (to be introduced to (someone) for the first time: Come and meet my wife.) kennenlernen

4) (to join: Where do the two roads meet?) sich schneiden

5) (to be equal to or satisfy (eg a person's needs, requirements etc): Will there be sufficient stocks to meet the public demand?) gerecht werden

6) (to come into the view, experience or presence of: A terrible sight met him / his eyes when he opened the door.) (ins Auge) fallen, treffen auf

7) (to come to or be faced with: He met his death in a car accident.) finden, gegenübertreten

8) ((with with) to experience or suffer; to receive a particular response: She met with an accident; The scheme met with their approval.) erleiden, stoßen auf

9) (to answer or oppose: We will meet force with greater force.) erwidern
2. noun
(a gathering, especially of sportsmen: The local huntsmen are holding a meet this week.) die Jagdgesellschaft

- meeting
- meet someone halfway
- meet halfway
* * *

meet

[mi:t]

I. n

1. (sporting event) Sportveranstaltung f

2. BRIT (fox hunt) Jagdtreffen nt (zur Fuchsjagd)

3. COMPUT Und-/Oder-Funktion f

II. vt

<met, met>

1. (by chance)

▪ to \meet sb jdn treffen

I met her in the street ich bin ihr auf der Straße begegnet

I happened to \meet him ich habe ihn zufällig getroffen

our car met another car on the narrow road auf der engen Straße kam unserem Auto ein anderes entgegen

to \meet sb face to face jdm persönlich begegnen

2. (by arrangement)

▪ to \meet sb sich akk mit jdm treffen

\meet me in front of the library at five warte um fünf vor der Bibliothek auf mich

I arranged to \meet her on Thursday ich verabredete mich mit ihr für Donnerstag

3. (collect)

▪ to \meet sb jdn abholen

I went to the airport to \meet my brother ich fuhr zum Flughafen, um meinen Bruder abzuholen

a bus \meets every train zu jedem Zug gibt es einen Anschlussbus

4. (make acquaintance of)

▪ to \meet sb jdn kennenlernen

I'd like you to \meet my best friend Betty ich möchte dir meine beste Freundin Betty vorstellen

Frank, \meet Dorothy Frank, darf ich dir Dorothy vorstellen?

[it's] a pleasure to \meet you sehr erfreut, Sie kennenzulernen

I've never met anyone quite like her ich habe noch nie so jemanden wie sie getroffen

5. (come into contact)

▪ to \meet sth auf etw akk treffen

his eyes met hers ihre Blicke trafen sich

I met his gaze ich hielt seinem Blick stand

it's where Front Street \meets Queen Street es ist da, wo die Front Street auf die Queen Street stößt

where the mountains \meet the sea wo das Meer an die Berge heranreicht

to \meet sb's glance jds Blick erwidern

6. (fulfil)

▪ to \meet sth etw erfüllen

to \meet the cost of sth die Kosten für etw akk übernehmen

to \meet a deadline einen Termin einhalten

to \meet [the] demand die Nachfrage befriedigen

to \meet sb's expenses für jds Kosten aufkommen

to \meet an obligation einer Verpflichtung nachkommen

7. (deal with)

▪ to \meet sth etw dat entgegentreten

they had to \meet the threat posed by the Austrians sie mussten auf die Bedrohung durch die Österreicher reagieren

to \meet a challenge sich akk einer Herausforderung stellen

to \meet objections Einwände widerlegen

8. (experience)

▪ to \meet sth mit etw dat konfrontiert sein

these are the kind of difficulties you \meet on the road to success dies sind die Schwierigkeiten, die dir auf dem Weg zum Erfolg begegnen

the troops met stiff opposition die Truppen stießen auf starke Gegenwehr

9. (fight)

▪ to \meet sb SPORT auf jdn treffen, gegen jdn antreten; MIL gegen jdn kämpfen

to \meet an enemy in battle einem Feind in der Schlacht begegnen

10.

▶ to \meet danger head on sich dat der Gefahr stellen

▶ to \meet one's death den Tod finden

▶ to go to \meet one's maker das Zeitliche segnen

▶ to \meet sb halfway jdm auf halbem Weg entgegenkommen

▶ to make ends \meet über die Runden kommen

▶ to \meet one's match seinen Meister finden

▶ there's more to this than \meets the eye es steckt mehr dahinter, als es den Anschein hat

▶ to \meet one's Waterloo BRIT sein Waterloo erleben

III. vi

<met, met>

1. (by chance) sich dat begegnen

we met in the street wir sind uns auf der Straße begegnet

2. (by arrangement) sich akk treffen

to \meet for a drink/for lunch sich akk auf einen Drink/zum Mittagessen treffen

3. (get acquainted) sich akk kennenlernen

no, we haven't met nein, wir kennen uns noch nicht

I've mistrusted him from the day we met ich habe ihm vom ersten Tag [unserer Bekanntschaft] an misstraut

4. (congregate) zusammenkommen

Congress will \meet next week der Kongress wird nächsten Monat tagen

the children's club \meets every Thursday afternoon der Kinderklub trifft sich jeden Donnerstagnachmittag

the committee is \meeting to discuss the issue tomorrow der Ausschuss tritt morgen zusammen, um über die Frage zu beraten

5. SPORT aufeinandertreffen, gegeneinander antreten

6. (join) zusammentreffen; roads, lines zusammenlaufen; counties, states aneinandergrenzen

the curtains don't \meet die Vorhänge gehen nicht zusammen

their hands met under the table ihre Hände begegneten sich unter dem Tisch

our eyes met unsere Blicke trafen sich

their lips met in a passionate kiss ihre Lippen trafen sich zu einem leidenschaftlichen Kuss

* * *
I [miːt]
adj (obs)
geziemend (liter)
it is meet that... — es ist billig or (ge)ziemt sich (liter, old), dass...

to be meet for — sich (ge)ziemen für (liter, old)
II [miːt] vb: pret, ptp met
1. vt

1) (= encounter) person treffen, begegnen (+dat); (by arrangement) treffen, sich treffen mit; difficulty stoßen auf (+acc); (SPORT) treffen auf (+acc)

I'll meet you outside — ich treffe euch draußen

he met his guests at the door —

he met him in a duel — er duellierte sich mit ihm

he met his death in 1800 —

to meet death calmly — dem Tod gefasst entgegentreten

to arrange to meet sb — sich mit jdm verabreden

to meet a challenge — sich einer Herausforderung (dat) stellen

the last time the two teams met there was a riot — bei der letzten Begegnung zwischen beiden Teams kam es zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen

his eyes or gaze met mine — unsere Blicke trafen sich

she refused to meet his eyes or gaze — sie wich seinem Blick aus

I could not meet his eyes — ich konnte ihm nicht in die Augen sehen

there's more to it than meets the eye — da steckt mehr dahinter, als man auf den ersten Blick meint

2) (= get to know) kennenlernen; (= be introduced to) bekannt gemacht werden mit

you don't know him? come and meet him — du kennst ihn nicht? komm, ich mache dich mit ihm bekannt

pleased to meet you! — guten Tag/Abend, sehr angenehm! (form)

3) (= await arrival, collect) abholen (at an +dat, von); (= connect with) train, boat etc Anschluss haben an (+acc)

I'll meet your train —

the car will meet the train — der Wagen wartet am Bahnhof or steht am Bahnhof bereit

4) (= join, run into) treffen or stoßen auf (+acc); (= converge with) sich vereinigen mit; (river) münden or fließen in (+acc); (= intersect) schneiden; (= touch) berühren

where East meets West (fig) — wo Ost und West sich treffen

5) expectations, target, obligations, deadline erfüllen; requirement, demand, wish entsprechen (+dat), gerecht werden (+dat); deficit, expenses, needs decken; debt bezahlen, begleichen; charge, objection, criticism begegnen (+dat)

2. vi

1) (= encounter) (people) sich begegnen; (by arrangement) sich treffen; (society, committee etc) zusammenkommen, tagen; (SPORT) aufeinandertreffen; (in duel) sich duellieren

keep it until we meet again — behalten Sie es, bis wir uns mal wiedersehen

until we meet again! — bis zum nächsten Mal!

to meet halfway — einen Kompromiss schließen

2) (= become acquainted) sich kennenlernen; (= be introduced) bekannt gemacht werden

we've met before — wir kennen uns bereits

haven't we met before somewhere? — sind wir uns nicht schon mal begegnet?, kennen wir uns nicht irgendwoher?

3) (= join) sich treffen, aufeinanderstoßen; (= converge) sich vereinigen; (rivers) ineinanderfließen; (= intersect) sich schneiden; (= touch) sich berühren; (fig = come together) sich treffen

our eyes met — unsere Blicke trafen sich

the skirt wouldn't meet round her waist — der Rock ging an der Taille nicht zu

3. n (Brit HUNT)
Jagd(veranstaltung) f; (US) (ATHLETICS) Sportfest nt; (SWIMMING) Schwimmfest nt
* * *

meet [miːt]

A v/t prät und pperf met [met]

1. a) begegnen (dat), zusammentreffen mit, treffen (auf akk), antreffen:

meet each other einander begegnen, sich treffen;

well met obs schön, dass wir uns treffen!

b) treffen, sich treffen mit

2. jemanden kennenlernen:

when I first met him als ich seine Bekanntschaft machte, als ich ihn kennenlernte;

pleased to meet you umg sehr erfreut(, Sie kennenzulernen)!;

meet Mr. Brown bes US darf ich Ihnen Herrn Brown vorstellen?

3. jemanden abholen:

meet sb at the station, meet sb off the train, meet sb’s train jemanden von der Bahn oder vom Bahnhof abholen;

be met abgeholt oder empfangen werden;

come (go) to meet sb jemandem entgegenkommen (-gehen)

4. → halfway B 1

5. gegenübertreten (dat) (auch fig)

6. (feindlich) zusammentreffen oder -stoßen mit, begegnen (dat), SPORT auch antreten gegen, auf einen Gegner treffen: → fate 2

7. fig entgegentreten (dat):

a) einer Sache abhelfen

b) Schwierigkeiten überwinden, ein Problem lösen, fertig werden mit, Herr werden (gen):

meet the competition der Konkurrenz begegnen

c) Einwände widerlegen, entgegnen auf (akk)

8. fig (an)treffen, finden, erfahren

9. POL sich dem Parlament vorstellen (neue Regierung)

10. a) berühren

b) münden in (akk) (Straße etc)

c) stoßen oder treffen auf (akk):

meet sb’s eye jemandem ins Auge fallen oder auffallen;

she met his eyes ihre Blicke trafen sich;

meet sb’s eyes jemandem in die Augen sehen;

meet the eye auffallen;

there is more to it than meets the eye da steckt mehr dahinter

11. versammeln (besonders passiv):

be met sich zusammengefunden haben, beisammen sein

12. den Anforderungen etc entsprechen, gerecht werden (dat), übereinstimmen mit, Bedarf, Nachfrage etc decken:

the supply meets the demand das Angebot entspricht der Nachfrage;

be well met gut zusammenpassen;

that won’t meet my case das löst mein Problem nicht, damit komme ich nicht weiter

13. jemandes Wünschen entgegenkommen oder entsprechen, eine Forderung erfüllen, einen Termin einhalten, einer Verpflichtung nachkommen, Unkosten bestreiten oder decken, eine Rechnung begleichen:

meet a demand

a) einer Forderung nachkommen,

b) eine Nachfrage befriedigen;

meet sb’s expenses jemandes Auslagen decken;

meet a bill WIRTSCH einen Wechsel honorieren

B v/i

1. zusammenkommen, -treffen, -treten, sich versammeln, tagen

2. sich begegnen, sich (auch verabredungsgemäß) treffen:

their eyes met ihre Blicke trafen sich;

we have met (before) wir kennen uns schon;

have we met before? kennen wir uns?;

meet again sich wiedersehen

3. (feindlich) zusammenstoßen, aneinandergeraten, SPORT aufeinandertreffen, sich begegnen (Gegner)

4. sich kennenlernen

5. a) sich vereinigen (Straßen etc)

b) sich berühren, in Berührung kommen (auch Interessen etc)

6. genau zusammentreffen oder -stimmen oder -passen, sich decken:

this skirt does not meet dieser Rock ist zu eng oder geht nicht zu; → end Bes Redew

7. meet with

a) zusammentreffen mit,

b) sich treffen mit,

c) (an)treffen, finden, (zufällig) stoßen auf (akk),

d) erleben, erleiden, erfahren, betroffen oder befallen werden von, erhalten, bekommen:

meet with an accident einen Unfall erleiden oder haben, verunglücken;

meet with (sb’s) approval (jemandes) Billigung oder Beifall finden;

meet with a refusal auf Ablehnung stoßen;

meet with success Erfolg haben;

meet with a kind reception freundlich aufgenommen werden

C s

1. besonders US

a) Treffen n (von Zügen etc)

b) → meeting 6 b

2. JAGD besonders Br

a) Jagdtreffen n (zur Fuchsjagd)

b) Jagdgesellschaft f

c) Sammelplatz m

D adj obs

1. passend

2. angemessen, geziemend:

it is meet that … es schickt sich, dass …

* * *
1. transitive verb,
met

1) (come face to face with or into the company of) treffen

I have to meet my boss at 11 a.m. — ich habe um 11 Uhr einen Termin beim Chef

arrange to meet somebody — sich mit jemandem verabreden

2) (go to place of arrival of) treffen; (collect) abholen

I'll meet your train — ich hole dich vom Zug ab

meet somebody halfway — (fig.) jemandem [auf halbem Wege] entgegenkommen

3) (make the acquaintance of) kennen lernen

I'd like you to meet my wife — ich möchte Sie gern meiner Frau vorstellen od. mit meiner Frau bekannt machen

pleased to meet you — [sehr] angenehm; sehr erfreut

4) (reach point of contact with) treffen auf (+ Akk.)

meet the eye/somebody's eye[s] — sich den/jemandes Blicken darbieten

meet the ear/somebody's ears — das/jemandes Ohr treffen

there's more to it than meets the eye — da ist od. steckt mehr dahinter, als man zuerst denkt

5) (experience) stoßen auf (+ Akk.) [Widerstand, Problem]; ernten [Gelächter, Drohungen]

meet [one's] death or one's end/disaster/one's fate — den Tod finden (geh.) /von einer Katastrophe/seinem Schicksal ereilt werden (geh.)

6) (satisfy) entsprechen (+ Dat.) [Forderung, Wunsch]; einhalten [Termin, Zeitplan]

7) (pay) decken [Kosten, Auslagen]; bezahlen [Rechnung]
2. intransitive verb,
met

1) (come face to face) (by chance) sich (Dat.) begegnen; (by arrangement) sich treffen

we've met before — wir kennen uns bereits

2) (assemble) [Komitee, Ausschuss usw.:] tagen

meet together — sich versammeln

3) (come together) [Bahnlinien, Straßen usw.:] aufeinander treffen; [Flüsse] zusammenfließen

Phrasal Verbs:

- meet up

- meet with

* * *

adj.

begegnen adj.

entsprechen adj. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: met)

= begegnen (+Dat.) v.

begegnen v.

sich treffen v.

sich versammeln v.

treffen v.

(§ p.,pp.: traf, getroffen)

English-german dictionary > meet
6 cover

cover

A n

1 (protective lid, sheath) couverture f ; (for duvet, cushion, birdcage) housse f ; (for table, furniture) protection f ; (for umbrella, blade, knife) fourreau m ; (for typewriter, record player, pan, bowl) couvercle m ;

2 ( blanket) couverture f ;

3 (of book, magazine) couverture f ; ( of record) pochette f ; on the cover ( of book) sur la couverture ; ( of magazine) en couverture ; she's made the cover of ‘Time’ elle a fait la couverture de ‘Time’ ; from cover to cover de la première à la dernière page ;

4 ( shelter) abri m ; to provide cover servir d'abri (for à) ; to take cover se mettre à l'abri ; to run for cover courir se mettre à l'abri ; take cover! aux abris! ; to break cover quitter son abri ; under cover à l'abri ; under cover of darkness à la faveur de la nuit ; under cover of the confusion he escaped il a profité de la confusion pour s'évader ; open land with no cover terrain découvert sans abri possible ;

5 (for spy, agent, operation, crime) couverture f (for pour) ; that's her cover c'est sa couverture ; to work under cover travailler sous une identité d'emprunt ; under cover of sth sous le couvert de qch ; under cover of doing sous prétexte de faire ; to blow sb's cover ○ griller ○ qn ;

6 Mil couverture f ; air cover couverture aérienne ; to give sb cover couvrir qn ; I gave cover as he advanced je l'ai couvert tandis qu'il avançait ;

7 ( replacement) (for teacher, doctor) remplacement m ; to provide emergency cover parer aux urgences ;

8 GB Insur assurance f (for pour ; against contre) ; to give or provide cover against garantir contre ; she has cover for fire and theft elle est couverte contre l'incendie et le vol ;

9 Fin ( collateral) provision f ;

10 ( table setting) couvert m ;

11 Mus = cover version.

B modif [design, illustration, text] de couverture.

C vtr

1 ( to conceal or protect) couvrir [table, bed, pan, legs, wound] (with avec) ; recouvrir [cushion, sofa, corpse] (with de) ; boucher [hole] (with avec) ; we had the sofa covered on a fait recouvrir le canapé ; cover your mouth when you yawn mets la main devant la bouche quand tu bâilles ; cover one eye and read the chart cachez un œil et lisez le tableau ; to cover one's ears se boucher les oreilles ;

2 ( coat) [person, dust, snow, water, layer] recouvrir [ground, surface, person, cake] (with de) ; the ground was covered with snow, snow covered the ground le sol était recouvert de neige, la neige recouvrait le sol ; everything got covered with ou in sand tout a été recouvert de sable ; the animal is covered in scales l'animal est couvert d'écailles ; to cover one's face with cream s'enduire le visage de crème ; to be covered in glory être couvert de gloire ;

3 ( be strewn over) [litter, graffiti, blossom, bruises, scratches] couvrir ; the tree was covered with blossom, blossom covered the tree l'arbre était couvert de fleurs ; to cover sb's face with kisses couvrir le visage de qn de baisers ;

4 ( travel over) parcourir [distance, area] ; ( extend over) s'étendre sur [distance, area] ; we covered a lot of miles on holiday nous avons fait beaucoup de kilomètres pendant les vacances ;

5 (deal with, include) [article, book, speaker] traiter [subject, field] ; [word, term, item] englober [meaning, aspect] ; [teacher] faire [chapter] ; [rule, law] s'appliquer à [situation, person, organization] ; [department, office] s'occuper de [area, region, activity] ; [rep] couvrir [area] ; that price covers everything le prix comprend tout, tout est inclus dans le prix ; we will cover half the syllabus this term nous ferons or couvrirons la moitié du programme ce trimestre ;

6 ( report on) [journalist, reporter, station] couvrir [event, angle, story, subject, match] ; the game will be covered live on BBC1 le match sera diffusé en direct par BBC1 ;

7 ( pay for) [amount, salary, company, person] couvrir [costs, outgoings] ; combler [loss, deficit] ; £20 should cover it ○ 20 livres sterling devraient suffire ; to cover one's costs rentrer dans ses frais ;

8 Insur assurer, couvrir [person, possession] (for, against contre ; for doing pour faire) ; [guarantee] couvrir [costs, parts] ; are you adequately covered? est-ce que vous êtes suffisamment assuré? ;

9 Mil, Sport ( protect) couvrir [person, advance, retreat, exit, area of pitch] ; I'll cover you je te couvre ; I've got you covered! ( threat) ne bougez pas ou je tire! ; keep him covered tenez-le en joue ; to cover one's back fig se couvrir ;

10 ( conceal) cacher [emotion, ignorance] ; couvrir [noise] ; masquer [smell] ;

11 Mus ( make version of) faire sa version de [song] ;

12 Zool ( mate with) couvrir, saillir.

D v refl to cover oneself se protéger (against contre ; by doing en faisant) ; to cover oneself with se couvrir de [glory, praise, shame].

E - covered (dans composés) snow-/scrub-covered couvert de neige/de broussailles ; chocolate-covered enrobé de chocolat.

F covered pp adj [porch, passage, courtyard] couvert ; [dish, pan] à couvercle.

Phrasal verbs

■ cover for:

▶ cover for [sb]

1 ( replace) remplacer, faire un remplacement pour [colleague, employee] ;

2 ( protect) couvrir [person] ; ‘I'm going to be late, cover for me!’ ‘je vais être en retard, trouve-moi une excuse!’

■ cover in = cover over.

■ cover over:

▶ cover over [sth], cover [sth] over couvrir [passage, yard, area, pool] (with avec) ; recouvrir [painting, mark, stain] (with de).

■ cover up:

▶ cover up

1 ( put clothes on) se couvrir ;

2 to cover oneself up se couvrir (with de) ;

3 ( conceal truth) étouffer une affaire ; to cover up for couvrir [colleague, friend, mistakes] ; they're covering up for each other ils se couvrent l'un l'autre ;

▶ cover up [sth], cover [sth] up

1 lit recouvrir [window, body, footprints] (with avec) ; cacher [answers] (with avec) ;

2 fig dissimuler [mistake, loss, crime, affair, truth] ; cacher [emotion] ; étouffer [scandal].

Big English-French dictionary > cover
7 trastorno

m.

1 disorder (mental).

trastorno de la personalidad personality disorder

2 upset, disorder, unbalance.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: trastornar.

* * *

trastorno

► nombre masculino

1 (desorden) confusion

2 (molestia) trouble, inconvenience

3 (perturbación) disruption, upheaval, upset

4 MEDICINA upset

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

trastorno estomacal / trastorno mental stomach upset / mental disorder

* * *

noun m.

1) disorder

2) disruption, upset

* * *

SM

1) (=molestia) inconvenience, trouble

tener que esperar es un trastorno — it's a real nuisance having to wait

2) (Pol) disturbance, upheaval

los trastornos políticos — the political disturbances

3) (Med) upset, disorder

trastorno de personalidad — personality disorder

trastorno digestivo, trastorno estomacal — stomach upset

trastorno dismórfico corporal — body dysmorphic disorder

trastorno mental — mental disorder

* * *

masculino

1) (Med, Psic) disorder

- trastorno afectivo estacional

- trastorno biopolar

- trastorno por estrés postraumático

2) ( alteración de la normalidad) disruption

los trastornos provocados por el cambio — the upheavals o disruption caused by the change

me ocasionó muchos trastornos — it caused me a great deal of inconvenience

* * *

= disorder, disruption, upheaval, dislocation, derangement, unfixing, disease.

Ex. Consider this title 'A handbook of heart disease, blood pressure and strokes: the cause, treatment and prevention of these disorders'.

Ex. An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.

Ex. Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.

Ex. SDC's ORBIT software is a variation on the ELHILL software used with MEDLINE, so users of that data base can move across to SDC with a minimum of dislocation.

Ex. George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.

Ex. There has been a dramatic ' unfixing' of gender identities in British society over the past fifteen years.

Ex. For example, a fairly straightforward document such as 'A medical dictionary of diseases' would be summarized as: Medicine/Disease/Dictionary.

----

* personas con trastornos emocionales = disturbed people.

* trastorno alimentario = eating disorder.

* trastorno alimenticio = eating disorder.

* trastorno arterial = arterial disease.

* trastorno bipolar = manic depression.

* trastorno cardiovascular = cardiovascular disorder.

* trastorno cerebrovascular = cerebrovascular disease, cerebrovascular disorder.

* trastorno cognitivo = cognitive disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = panic disorder.

* trastorno de comportamiento = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de conducta = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de la salud = medical disorder.

* trastorno del habla = speech disorder.

* trastorno del lenguaje = language disorder, speech disorder.

* trastorno de pánico = panic disorder.

* trastorno depresivo = depressive disorder.

* trastorno digestivo = digestive disorder.

* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.

* trastorno emocional = emotional disorder.

* trastorno mental = mental disorder, psychiatric disorder, brain disorder.

* trastorno neurodegenerativo = neurodegenerative disorder.

* trastorno neurológico = neurological disorder.

* trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

* trastorno por estrés postraumático = post traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder.

* trastorno respiratorio = respiratory disorder.

* trastorno reumático = rheumatic disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = anxiety disorder.

* trastorno siquiátrico = psychiatric disorder.

* trastorno vascular periférico = peripheral vascular disease.

* * *

masculino

1) (Med, Psic) disorder

- trastorno afectivo estacional

- trastorno biopolar

- trastorno por estrés postraumático

2) ( alteración de la normalidad) disruption

los trastornos provocados por el cambio — the upheavals o disruption caused by the change

me ocasionó muchos trastornos — it caused me a great deal of inconvenience

* * *

= disorder, disruption, upheaval, dislocation, derangement, unfixing, disease.

Ex: Consider this title 'A handbook of heart disease, blood pressure and strokes: the cause, treatment and prevention of these disorders'.

Ex: An academic library should be extendible to permit future growth with minimum disruption.

Ex: Solutions will generally be sought in accordance with in-house knowledge and practices in order to avoid major upheavals in production techniques and strategies.

Ex: SDC's ORBIT software is a variation on the ELHILL software used with MEDLINE, so users of that data base can move across to SDC with a minimum of dislocation.

Ex: George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.

Ex: There has been a dramatic ' unfixing' of gender identities in British society over the past fifteen years.

Ex: For example, a fairly straightforward document such as 'A medical dictionary of diseases' would be summarized as: Medicine/Disease/Dictionary.

* personas con trastornos emocionales = disturbed people.

* trastorno alimentario = eating disorder.

* trastorno alimenticio = eating disorder.

* trastorno arterial = arterial disease.

* trastorno bipolar = manic depression.

* trastorno cardiovascular = cardiovascular disorder.

* trastorno cerebrovascular = cerebrovascular disease, cerebrovascular disorder.

* trastorno cognitivo = cognitive disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = panic disorder.

* trastorno de comportamiento = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de conducta = conduct disorder.

* trastorno de la salud = medical disorder.

* trastorno del habla = speech disorder.

* trastorno del lenguaje = language disorder, speech disorder.

* trastorno de pánico = panic disorder.

* trastorno depresivo = depressive disorder.

* trastorno digestivo = digestive disorder.

* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.

* trastorno emocional = emotional disorder.

* trastorno mental = mental disorder, psychiatric disorder, brain disorder.

* trastorno neurodegenerativo = neurodegenerative disorder.

* trastorno neurológico = neurological disorder.

* trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

* trastorno por estrés postraumático = post traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder.

* trastorno respiratorio = respiratory disorder.

* trastorno reumático = rheumatic disorder.

* trastorno de ansiedad = anxiety disorder.

* trastorno siquiátrico = psychiatric disorder.

* trastorno vascular periférico = peripheral vascular disease.

* * *

trastorno

masculine

A ( Med, Psic) disorder

Compuestos:

● trastorno afectivo estacional

seasonal affective disorder, SAD

● trastorno alimentario compulsivo

binge eating disorder

● trastorno bipolar

bipolar disorder, manic depression

● trastorno de ansiedad

anxiety disorder

● trastorno deficitario de la atención

attention deficit disorder, ADD

● trastorno estomacal

stomach disorder or problem

● trastorno mental

mental disorder

● trastorno obsesivo compulsivo

obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD

B (alteración de la normalidad) disruption

los trastornos provocados por el cambio the upheavals o disruption caused by the change

la huelga está provocando serios trastornos en los vuelos al exterior the strike is causing serious disruption to international flights

espero no haberle ocasionado ningún trastorno I hope I have not caused you any inconvenience

* * *

Del verbo trastornar: ( conjugate trastornar)

trastorno es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

trastornó es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

Multiple Entries:
trastornar
trastorno
trastornar ( conjugate trastornar) verbo transitivo
1 (Psic) to disturb;
◊ la muerte de su hijo la trastornó her son's death left her deeply disturbed;

esa chica lo ha trastornado (fam) he's lost his head over that girl (colloq)
2 ( alterar la normalidad) to upset, disrupt
trastornarse verbo pronominal (Psic) to become disturbed
trastorno sustantivo masculino
1 (Med, Psic) disorder
2 ( alteración de la normalidad) disruption;
◊ los trastornos provocados por la huelga the disruption caused by the strike;

me ocasionó muchos trastornos it caused me a great deal of inconvenience
trastornar verbo transitivo
1 (volver loco) to drive mad
2 (causar molestias) to trouble
3 (alterar, desbartar) to disrupt
trastorno sustantivo masculino
1 (molestia) trouble, nuisance
2 Med disorder
trastornos del aparato digestivo, stomach disorder
' trastorno' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
contrariedad
- conmoción
- molestia
- nervioso
- trastornar
English:
disorder
- flaw
- inconvenience
- upheaval
- upset
- disruption

* * *

trastorno nm

1. [mental, físico] disorder;
[digestivo] upset
Comp
trastorno alimentario o alimenticio eating disorder;
trastorno depresivo depressive disorder;

trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo obsessive-compulsive disorder

2. [alteración]
causar trastornos o [m5] un trastorno [huelga, nevada] to cause trouble o disruption;
[guerra] to cause upheaval;
ven cuando quieras, no me causa ningún trastorno come whenever you like, you won't be putting me out

* * *

trastorno

m

1 inconvenience

2 MED disorder;

trastorno alimentario eating disorder;

trastorno circulatorio circulation problem

* * *

trastorno nm

1) : disorder

trastorno mental: mental disorder

2) : disturbance, upset

Spanish-English dictionary > trastorno
8 abschließen

(unreg., trennb., hat -ge-)

I v/t

1. lock (up); (Wertsachen) lock up ( oder away)

2. bes. TECH. seal; luftdicht / hermetisch abschließen make s.th. airtight / seal s.th. hermetically; abgeschlossen II 1

3. (beenden) end, (bring to a) close, conclude, wind up ( mit on oder with); (abrunden) top off; endgültig: settle; (fertigstellen) complete; Ausbildung, Lehre etc.: finish, complete; abgeschlossen II 2

4. WIRTS. (Bücher) close, balance; (Konten, Rechnungen) settle

5. (vereinbaren): einen Handel abschließen make a bargain, close ( oder do oder make oder secure) a deal; einen Vertrag abschließen conclude ( oder sign oder sign) a treaty; eine Versicherung abschließen take out ( oder effect förm.) insurance ( oder an insurance policy); eine Wette abschließen make a bet ( mit with) ( über + Akk on oder that something happens etc.); Rennsport: place a bet ( auf on); einen Vergleich abschließen make a comparison

II v/i

1. end, close, conclude; ( mit folgenden Worten) abschließen end ( oder wind up) (by saying)

2. abgeschlossen haben mit be done (Am. through) with; mit dem Leben abschließen prepare to die, come to terms with the fact that one has to die; er hat mit dem Leben abgeschlossen he’s ready to die; lit. he’s prepared to meet his Maker; ich hatte schon mit dem Leben abgeschlossen in Gefahrensituation: I thought to myself, ‚This is the end’

3. WIRTS. (sich einigen) close the deal; sign (the contract); (Bilanz ziehen) close; mit jemandem abschließen auch come to terms with s.o.; mit Gewinn / Verlust abschließen close on ( oder show) a profit / with a loss

4. gut / schlecht abschließen leistungsmäßig: do well / badly

* * *

(beenden) to finalize; to conclude; to complete; to close;

(zuschließen) to lock; to lock up

* * *
ạb|schlie|ßen sep
1. vt

1) (= zuschließen) to lock; Auto, Raum, Schrank to lock (up)

etw luftdicht abschließen — to put an airtight seal on sth

2) (= beenden) Sitzung, Vortrag etc to conclude, to bring to a close; (mit Verzierung) to finish off; Kursus to complete

sein Studium abschließen — to take one's degree, to graduate

mit abgeschlossenem Studium — with a degree

3) (= vereinbaren) Geschäft to conclude, to transact; Versicherung to take out; Wette to place

einen Vertrag abschließen (Pol) — to conclude a treaty; (Jur, Comm) to conclude a contract

4) (COMM = abrechnen) Bücher to balance; Konto to settle, to balance; Geschäftsjahr to close; Inventur to complete; Rechnung to make up

2. vr
(= sich isolieren) to cut oneself off, to shut oneself away
sich von der Außenwelt abschließen — to cut or shut oneself off from the outside world

See:

→ auch abgeschlossen

3. vi

1) (= zuschließen) to lock up

sieh mal nach, ob auch abgeschlossen ist — will you see if everything's locked?

2) (= enden) to close, to come to a close, to conclude; (mit Verzierung) to be finished off

3) (COMM) (= Vertrag schließen) to conclude the deal; (= Endabrechnung machen) to do the books

4) (= Schluss machen) to finish, to end

mit allem/dem Leben abschließen — to finish with everything/life

mit der Vergangenheit abschließen — to break with the past

* * *

1) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) close

2) (to keep away (from); to make separate (from): He shut himself off from the rest of the world.) shut off

3) (to lock whatever should be locked: He locked up and left the shop about 5.30 p.m.) lock up

4) lock

* * *

ab|schlie·ßen

irreg

I. vt

1. (verschließen)

▪ etw \abschließen to lock sth

ein Auto/einen Schrank/eine Tür \abschließen to lock a car/cupboard/door

2. (isolieren)

▪ etw \abschließen to seal sth

ein Einmachglas/einen Raum \abschließen to seal a jar/room

hermetisch abgeschlossen hermetically sealed

luftdicht \abschließen to put an airtight seal on sth

3. (beenden)

▪ etw [mit etw dat] \abschließen to finish [or complete] sth [with sth]

mit einer Diplomprüfung \abschließen to graduate

ein abgeschlossenes Studium completed studies

eine Diskussion \abschließen to end a discussion

4. (vereinbaren)

▪ etw [mit jdm] \abschließen to agree to sth [with sb]

ein Geschäft \abschließen to close a deal, seal an agreement

eine Versicherung \abschließen to take out insurance [or an insurance policy]

einen Vertrag \abschließen to sign [or conclude] a contract

ein abgeschlossener Vertrag a signed contract

eine Wette \abschließen to place a bet

5. ÖKON

▪ etw \abschließen to settle sth

ein Geschäftsbuch \abschließen to close the accounts

II. vi

1. (zuschließen) to lock up

vergiss das A\abschließen nicht! don't forget to lock up!

2. (einen Vertrag schließen)

▪ [mit jdm] \abschließen to agree a contract [or [the] terms] [with sb]

3. (mit etw enden)

▪ mit etw dat \abschließen to end [or conclude] with sth

der Kurs schließt mit einer schriftlichen Prüfung ab there is a written exam at the end of the course

4. FIN, ÖKON

▪ mit etw dat \abschließen to close [or conclude] with sth

5. (Schluss machen)

▪ mit etw/jdm \abschließen to finish [or be through] with sb/sth, to put sb/sth behind oneself

er hatte mit dem Leben abgeschlossen he no longer wanted to live

mit der Schauspielerei habe ich endgültig abgeschlossen I will never act again

6. (zum Schluss kommen) to close, end

sie schloss ihre Rede mit einem Zitat von Morgenstern ab she ended [or concluded] her speech with a quotation from Morgenstern

III. vr (sich isolieren)

▪ sich akk [von jdm/etw] \abschließen to shut oneself off [or away] [from sb/sth]

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) auch itr. (zuschließen) lock <door, gate, cupboard>; lock [up] < house, flat, room, park>

2) (verschließen) seal

etwas luftdicht abschließen — seal something hermetically

3) (begrenzen) border

4) (zum Abschluss bringen) bring to an end; conclude

sein Studium abschließen — finish one's studies

5) (vereinbaren) strike <bargain, deal>; make < purchase>; enter into < agreement>

Geschäfte abschließen — conclude deals; (im Handel) do business; s. auch Versicherung 2); Wette
2.
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb

1) (begrenzt sein) be bordered ( mit by)

2) (aufhören, enden) end

abschließend sagte er... — in conclusion he said...

mit einem Gewinn/Verlust abschließen — (Kaufmannsspr.) show a profit/deficit

3)

mit jemandem/etwas abgeschlossen haben — have finished with somebody/something

* * *

abschließen (irr, trennb, hat -ge-)

A. v/t

1. lock (up); (Wertsachen) lock up ( oder away)

2. besonders TECH seal;

luftdicht/hermetisch abschließen make sth airtight/seal sth hermetically; → abgeschlossen B 1

3. (beenden) end, (bring to a) close, conclude, wind up (

mit on oder with); (abrunden) top off; endgültig: settle; (fertigstellen) complete; Ausbildung, Lehre etc: finish, complete; → abgeschlossen B 2

4. WIRTSCH (Bücher) close, balance; (Konten, Rechnungen) settle

5. (vereinbaren):

einen Handel abschließen make a bargain, close ( oder do oder make oder secure) a deal;

einen Vertrag abschließen conclude ( oder sign oder sign) a treaty;

eine Versicherung abschließen take out ( oder effect form) insurance ( oder an insurance policy);

eine Wette abschließen make a bet (

mit with) (

über +akk on oder that something happens etc); Rennsport: place a bet (

auf on);

einen Vergleich abschließen make a comparison

B. v/i

1. end, close, conclude;

(mit folgenden Worten) abschließen end ( oder wind up) (by saying)

2.

abgeschlossen haben mit be done (US through) with;

mit dem Leben abschließen prepare to die, come to terms with the fact that one has to die;

er hat mit dem Leben abgeschlossen he’s ready to die; liter he’s prepared to meet his Maker;

ich hatte schon mit dem Leben abgeschlossen in Gefahrensituation: I thought to myself, ‘This is the end’

3. WIRTSCH (sich einigen) close the deal; sign (the contract); (Bilanz ziehen) close;

mit jemandem abschließen auch come to terms with sb;

mit Gewinn/Verlust abschließen close on ( oder show) a profit/with a loss

4.

gut/schlecht abschließen leistungsmäßig: do well/badly

* * *
1.
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb

1) auch itr. (zuschließen) lock <door, gate, cupboard>; lock [up] <house, flat, room, park>

2) (verschließen) seal

etwas luftdicht abschließen — seal something hermetically

3) (begrenzen) border

4) (zum Abschluss bringen) bring to an end; conclude

sein Studium abschließen — finish one's studies

5) (vereinbaren) strike <bargain, deal>; make < purchase>; enter into < agreement>

Geschäfte abschließen — conclude deals; (im Handel) do business; s. auch Versicherung 2); Wette
2.
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb

1) (begrenzt sein) be bordered ( mit by)

2) (aufhören, enden) end

abschließend sagte er... — in conclusion he said...

mit einem Gewinn/Verlust abschließen — (Kaufmannsspr.) show a profit/deficit

3)

mit jemandem/etwas abgeschlossen haben — have finished with somebody/something

* * *

v.

to close v.

to conclude v.

to lock v.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > abschließen
9 свършвам

1. npex. finish, complete, end, bring to an end

свършвам реч с wind up/conclude a speech with

свършвам нещо добре/зле make a good/bad job of s.th.

мъча се да свърша преди срока work against time

свършвам работа finish a job; get a business over; go through with an undertaking

свършвам си работата finish/complete o.'s work

свършвам много/доста/сума работа accomplish a good deal, get a lot done, knock off a good deal of work, get through a lot of work

свършвам добра работа do a good day's work; do a good stroke of business

свършвам хубава работа do a fine job

свършвам цялата работа get it all done

свършвам живота си end o.'s life, die

2. непрех. come to an end; finish; end

terminate (и грам,) (с, на in)

(за урок, война и пр.) be over

(за срок) expire

(с известни последици) end, result (c in)

свършвам с finish with, get through with, dispose of; get s.th. over

* * *

свъ̀ршвам,

гл.

1. прех. finish, complete, end, bring to an end; мъча се да свърша преди срока work against time; нищо не е свършил от сутринта he hasn’t done a hand’s turn all morning; \свършвам живота си end o.’s life, die; \свършвам много/доста/сума работа accomplish a good deal, get a lot done, knock off a good deal of work, get through a lot of work; go a long way; \свършвам нещо добре/зле make a good/bad job of s.th.; \свършвам работа finish a job; get a business over; go through with an undertaking; \свършвам хубава работа do a fine job; \свършвам цялата работа get it all done;

2. непрех. come to an end; finish; end; terminate (и език.) (с, на in); (за урок, война и пр.) be over; (за срок) expire; (с известни последици) end, result (c in); \свършвам с finish with, get through with, dispose of; get s.th. over; да кажем, че сме свършили за днес let’s call it a day; наближавам да свърша be drawing to a close/an end; не си ли свършил с яденето? haven’t you done eating? are you through? \свършвам добре turn out for the best, (за човек) make good; \свършвам зле come to a bad end (и за човек); \свършвам с дефицит end with a deficit; \свършвам с кавга end in a quarrel; \свършвам с фалит finish up in bankruptcy; свърших I have done; свърших за днес I am through for today; хайде, свършвай! have/be done! cut it short!;

3. ( изразходвам) use up; ( изяждам) finish off/up;

4. ( учебно заведение) finish; \свършвам университет graduate from/at a university; \свършвам училище finish school/o.’s schooling; leave school;

5. ( идвам до дадено положение) end; \свършвам в затвора wind up/land in person; \свършвам в лудницата end in the madhouse; \свършвам като учител и пр. end up as a teacher, etc.; \свършвам печално come to a sorry end;

6. ( умирам) die; \свършвам със самоубийство die by suicide;

\свършвам се 1. ( минавам) come to an end, be over, end; ( изтичам за срок и пр.) expire;

2. ( бивам изразходван, изчерпан) give/run out, fail; ( бивам продаден) be sold out; (за ядене в ресторант) be off; запасите ни свършиха our supplies gave out; работата не се свършва с това that is not all, that is not the end of it; there is more to it than that; с това се свърши and that was the end of it; свършва ми се … run/be out of …, be getting low on …, be short of …; свърши се (за стока) we’re out of stock; we’re all sold out; • да свършим с това let’s have done with it; \свършвам с някого разг. ( убивам) finish s.o. off; това му свърши добра работа it stood him in good stead; това ще свърши работа this will serve; той няма да свърши нищо one can’t rely on him; той свърши работата sl. he delivered the goods; той ще ме свърши he’ll be the death of me; хубаво я свършихме! свършихме я! a fine mess we’ve made of it.

* * *

finish: Have you свършвамed the translation? - Свърши ли с превода?, свършвам school - свършвам училище; complete: свършвам a task - свършвам задача; end ; accomplish (изпълнявам); come to an end; conclude: He свършвамd his speech with this question. - Той свърши речта си с този въпрос.; do: свършвам a good job - свършвам добра работа; be over: the water is over - водата свърши; run out of: We've run out of eggs - Свършили сме яйцата.; terminate (продаден)

* * *
1. (за срок) expire 2. (за урок, война и пр.) be over 3. (с известни последици) end, result (c in) 4. npex. finish, complete, end, bring to an end 5. terminate (и грам,) (с, на in) 6. СВЪРШВАМ c finish with, get through with, dispose of;get s.th. over 7. СВЪРШВАМ добра работа do a good day's work;do a good stroke of business 8. СВЪРШВАМ живота си end o.'s life, die 9. СВЪРШВАМ много/доста/сума работа accomplish a good deal, get a lot done, knock off a good deal of work, get through a lot of work 10. СВЪРШВАМ нещо добре/зле make a good/bad job of s.th. 11. СВЪРШВАМ работа finish a job;get a business over;go through with an undertaking 12. СВЪРШВАМ реч с wind up/conclude a speech with 13. СВЪРШВАМ си работата finish/ complete o.'s work 14. СВЪРШВАМ хубава работа do a fine job 15. СВЪРШВАМ цялата работа get it all done 16. мъча се да свърша преди срока work against time 17. непрех. come to an end;finish;end

Български-английски речник > свършвам
10 loss

los

noun

1) (the act or fact of losing: suffering from loss of memory; the loss (= death) of our friend.) pérdida

2) (something which is lost: It was only after he was dead that we realized what a loss he was.) pérdida

3) (the amount (especially of money) which is lost: a loss of 500 pounds.) pérdida

loss n pérdida

El plural de loss se escribe losses

loss

tr[lɒs]

noun

1 (in general) pérdida

■ loss of appetite pérdida del apetito

■ the factory has made huge losses so far this year la fábrica ha sufrido enormes pérdidas en lo que va de año

2 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL (death) baja

■ the army suffered heavy losses el ejército sufrió muchas bajas

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be a dead loss familiar ser un desastre

to be at a loss quedarse confuso,-a

to be at a loss for words quedarse de una pieza

to make a loss perder

to sell something at a loss vender algo con pérdida

loss adjuster perito

loss adjuster's report peritaje

loss ['lɔs] n

1) losing: pérdida f

loss of memory: pérdida de memoria

to sell at a loss: vender con pérdida

to be at a loss to: no saber como

2) defeat: derrota f, juego m perdido

3) losses npl

deaths: muertos mpl

loss

n.

(§ pl.: losses) = daño s.m.

• descalabradura s.f.

• descalabro s.m.

• desventaja s.f.

• extravío s.m.

• malogro s.m.

• menoscabo s.m.

• merma s.f.

• pérdida s.f.

• quebranto s.m.

• quiebra s.f.

lɔːs, lɒs
noun

1) (of possessions, jobs, faculties) pérdida f

the ship sank with the loss of 21 lives — el naufragio se cobró 21 vidas

without loss of life — sin que hubiera que lamentar víctimas or sin derramamiento de sangre

it's their loss — son ellos los que salen perdiendo or los que se lo pierden

they were filled with a keen sense of loss — sintieron un gran vacío

to be at a loss: I'm at a loss to know what to do next no sé qué hacer ahora; I was at a loss for words — no supe qué decir

2) (Busn, Fin) pérdida f

the company made a huge loss — la compañía sufrió grandes pérdidas

I made a loss of $100 on the deal — perdí 100 dólares en el negocio

to sell something at a loss — vender algo con pérdida

we cannot continue trading at a loss — no podemos seguir operando con déficit

to be a dead loss — (colloq)

this typewriter is a dead loss — esta máquina de escribir no sirve para nada or (fam) es una porquería

he's a dead loss as an organizer — como organizador es un desastre or una calamidad

to cut one's losses — cortar por lo sano; ( Fin) reducir* las pérdidas

3)

a) ( bereavement) (euph) pérdida f (euf)

b) losses pl ( deaths) ( Mil) bajas fpl

[lɒs]
1. N

1) [of possessions, blood, sight] pérdida f

the factory closed with the loss of 300 jobs — la fábrica cerró, con la pérdida de 300 puestos de trabajo

it's your loss — el que sales perdiendo eres tú

• loss of appetite — pérdida f del apetito

• his death was a great loss to the company — su muerte fue una gran pérdida para la empresa

he's no great loss — no vamos a perder nada con su marcha

• the army suffered heavy losses — el ejército sufrió pérdidas cuantiosas

• we want to prevent further loss of life — queremos evitar que se produzcan más muertes or que se pierdan más vidas

• loss of memory — amnesia f, pérdida f de la memoria

• to feel a sense of loss — sentir un vacío
hair 2., heat 4., job 3., weight 3.
2) (Econ, Comm) pérdida f

• at a loss, the factory was operating at a loss — la fábrica estaba funcionando con pérdida de capital

to sell sth at a loss — vender algo con pérdida

• the company made a loss in 1999 — la empresa tuvo un balance adverso en 1999

the company made a loss of £2 million — la empresa sufrió pérdidas de 2 millones de libras

- cut one's losses
dead 1., 5), profit 4.
3) (=death) pérdida f, muerte f

our sadness at the loss of a loved one — nuestra tristeza por la pérdida or muerte de un ser querido

since the loss of his wife — desde que perdió a su mujer, desde que falleció su mujer

4)

to be at a loss —

they are at a loss to explain how such a mistake could have been made — no se explican cómo se pudo haber cometido semejante error

to be at a loss for words — no encontrar palabras con qué expresarse

he's never at a loss for words — tiene mucha facilidad de palabra

I was at a loss (as to) what to do next — no sabía qué hacer después

2.

CPD

loss adjuster N — (Insurance) ajustador(a) m / f de pérdidas, tasador(a) m / f de pérdidas

loss leader N — (Comm) artículo m de lanzamiento

* * *
[lɔːs, lɒs]
noun

1) (of possessions, jobs, faculties) pérdida f

the ship sank with the loss of 21 lives — el naufragio se cobró 21 vidas

without loss of life — sin que hubiera que lamentar víctimas or sin derramamiento de sangre

it's their loss — son ellos los que salen perdiendo or los que se lo pierden

they were filled with a keen sense of loss — sintieron un gran vacío

to be at a loss: I'm at a loss to know what to do next no sé qué hacer ahora; I was at a loss for words — no supe qué decir

2) (Busn, Fin) pérdida f

the company made a huge loss — la compañía sufrió grandes pérdidas

I made a loss of $100 on the deal — perdí 100 dólares en el negocio

to sell something at a loss — vender algo con pérdida

we cannot continue trading at a loss — no podemos seguir operando con déficit

to be a dead loss — (colloq)

this typewriter is a dead loss — esta máquina de escribir no sirve para nada or (fam) es una porquería

he's a dead loss as an organizer — como organizador es un desastre or una calamidad

to cut one's losses — cortar por lo sano; ( Fin) reducir* las pérdidas

3)

a) ( bereavement) (euph) pérdida f (euf)

b) losses pl ( deaths) ( Mil) bajas fpl

English-spanish dictionary > loss
11 company

ˈkʌmpənɪ сущ.
1) любая группа (обычно людей) а) общество, компания;
друзья, товарищи Most glad of your company. ≈ Мне так приятно быть в вашем обществе. keep company company-keeper part company company work for company in company Syn: group, fellowship, society, party, band Two's company, three's none. ≈ Третий лишний. Three is a company. ≈ Трое в самый раз, троих достаточно (для осуществления какого-л. предприятия;
калька с лат. tres faciunt collegium, формулы, указывающей минимальное число судей, достаточное для слушания дела) Present company excepted ≈ О присутствующих не говорят. A man is known by the company he keeps ≈ посл. Скажи мне, кто твой друг, и я скажу, кто ты б) гости (в этом значении без артикля) ;
собрание, вечеринка, вечер, праздник Talked of in public companies at Berlin. ≈ Об этом говорили на публичных вечерах в Берлине. Hector had company in his house. ≈ У Гектора были гости. в) группа, некоторое число A company of horses in Pharaohs chariots. ≈ Группа лошадей, запряженных в колесницы фараона. г) другие люди (те, которые нарушают уединение;
может прямо не переводиться) But now shhh! company is coming. ≈ Но теперь тихо! сюда идут.
2) профессиональная группа людей а) коммерч. компания, товарищество, фирма, общество ( акционерное, с каким-л. типом ответственности и т.п.) ;
ист. гильдия - joint-stock company limited liability company company man John company mutual insurance company testing company б) те члены коммерческого общества, чьи фамилии не упоминаются в названии A catalogue published by Charles Griffin & Company. ≈ Каталог, публикуемой фирмой "Чарльз Гриффин и компания". в) труппа, ансамбль артистов The king's company of French comedians play here every night. ≈ Королевская труппа французских актеров играет здесь представления каждый вечер. stock company ≈ постоянная труппа г) мор. экипаж, команда (также в варианте ship's company) д) воен. любая воинская единица;
также специально воинская единица под командой офицера в чине капитана, т.е. батальон, рота( пехотные), батарея( артиллерийская), эскадрон (кавалерийский) The French also have their free companies who never enter the body of any regiment. ≈ У французов есть также отдельные батальоны, которые не входят в состав каких-либо более крупных соединений. combat company independent company free company е) (с определенным артиклем с прописной буквы) разг. Центральное Разведывательное Управление США, ЦРУ, см. CIA общество;
компания - * manners чинное поведение( в обществе;
часто о детях) - in * в обществе, на людях;
- she behaves well in * она умеет себя вести на людях;
- to swear in * браниться во всеуслышание;
- in * with smb. в обществе кого-д;
- I'll come with you for * я пойду с вами ради компании;
- to keep smb. * составить компанию кому-л;
- to keep * with smb. водить дружбу с кем-л;
- to keep good * бывать в хорошем обществе, встречаться с хорошими людьми;
- to keep bad * бывать в плохой компании, водиться с плохими людьми;
- to fall into * with smb. случайно познакомиться с кем-л;
- to part * with smb. прекратить знакомство с кем-л;
- present * excepted о присутствующх не говорят собеседник;
партнер по общению;
- to be good * быть интересным собеседником;
- he is poor * с ним скучно;
- she is excellent * с ней всегда легко и весело (экономика) общество, компания, товарищество;
- insurance * страховое общество;
- operating * (американизм) фирма-производитель;
- * union( американизм) "компанейский" профсоюз, профсоюз, созданный предпринимателями и послушный им;
- * store фабричная лавка;
- * gunmen (американизм) (разговорное) вооруженная охрана на частном предприятии;
- * checker( американизм) (сленг) шпики, доносчики, нанятые предпринимателем;
- John Jones and Company Джон Джонс и компания (разговорное) гости или гость;
общество;
- to receive a great deal of * часто принимать гостей;
- we expect * tomorrow завтра мы ждем гостя или гостей постоянная группа (артистов) ;
ансамбль;
- theatrical * театральная труппа экипаж (судна) (военное) рота;
- * commander командир роты;
- * clerk ротный писарь;
- * headquarters группа управления роты;
- * officer( американизм) младший офицерский состав (американизм) (профессионализм) (жаргон) (the C.) "наша контора" (о ЦРУ) > to know a man by his * скажи мне, кто твой друг, и я скажу, кто ты;
> as a man is so is his * (пословица) каков сам, таковы и твои друзья;
> to sin in good * кто не без греха?;
праведников мало на свете;
> two is * but three is none (пословица) где двое, там третий лишний;
> who keeps * with the wolf will learn to howl (пословица) с волками жить - по волчьи выть( редкое) общаться, быть в компании ( устаревшее) сопровождать, конвоировать acquired ~ приобретенная компания acquiring ~ компания, приобретающая активы другой компании affiliate ~ компания-филиал affiliated ~ включенная в качестве филиала компания affiliated ~ дочерняя компания affiliated ~ компания, с которой имеются связи affiliated ~ компания-участница affiliated ~ компания-филиал affiliated ~ подконтрольная компания ailing ~ компания, испытывающая финансовые трудности air ~ авиакомпания air ~ авиационное коммерческое предприятие allied ~ дочерняя компания allied ~ компания-участница allied ~ подконтрольная компания amalgamated ~ объединенная компания associated ~ ассоциированная компания associated ~ дочернее общество associated ~ дочерняя компания associated ~ материнская компания associated ~ подконтрольная компания bank holding ~ банковская холдинг-компания bartering ~ компания, заключающая бартерные сделки bonding ~ компания по страхованию поручительного обязательства brass plate ~ адрес компании с указанием номера абонементного ящика captive ~ несамостоятельная компания ceding ~ компания, передающая риск и перестрахование chartered ~ компания, созданная на основе королевского декрета (Великобритания) close ~ закрытая компания close ~ компания закрытого типа commandite ~ командитная компания company акционерное общество ~ гости;
to receive a great deal of company часто принимать гостей ~ компания, общество ~ компания ~ корпорация ~ общество;
компания;
to bear (или to keep) (smb.) company составлять( кому-л.) компанию, сопровождать (кого-л.) ~ общество ~ воен. рота ~ собеседник;
he is poor (good) company он скучный (интересный) собеседник ~ товарищество ~ ком. товарищество, компания ~ труппа, ансамбль артистов;
stock company постоянная труппа ~ экипаж (судна) ~ attr. воен. ротный ~ attr.: ~ store фабричная лавка;
company union амер. "компанейский" профсоюз (организуемый предпринимателем для борьбы с независимыми профсоюзами) ~ in distress компания, испытывающая финансовые трудности ~ in financial difficulties компания, испытывающая финансовые трудности ~ in general meeting общее собрание представителей компании ~ in process of winding up компания в процессе ликвидации ~ attr.: ~ store фабричная лавка;
company union амер. "компанейский" профсоюз (организуемый предпринимателем для борьбы с независимыми профсоюзами) ~ to be dissolved ликвидируемая компания ~ under foreign ownership компания, являющаяся иностранной собственностью ~ attr.: ~ store фабричная лавка;
company union амер. "компанейский" профсоюз (организуемый предпринимателем для борьбы с независимыми профсоюзами) union: company ~ профсоюз, созданный в компании ~ with share capital компания с акционерным капиталом concessionary ~ концессионная компания constituent ~ дочерняя компания constituent ~ подконтрольная компания constituent ~ учредительная компания с правом голоса constituent ~ филиал construction ~ строительная компания consumer products ~ компания по производству потребительских товаров continuing ~ действующая компания contracting ~ компания-подрядчик controlled ~ дочерняя компания controlled ~ компания-участница controlled ~ подконтрольная компания controlling ~ компания-держатель controlling ~ материнская компания controlling ~ холдинг-компания credit evaluation ~ компания по оценке кредита de facto ~ фактически действующая компания deficit ~ компания с отрицательным платежным балансом defunct ~ расформированная компания discontinuing ~ компания, прекращающая свою деятельность diversified ~ диверсифицированная компания diversified ~ многоотраслевая компания dock ~ складская компания domestic ~ отечественная компания dummy ~ фиктивная компания dwarf ~ карликовая компания factoring ~ компания-посредник failing ~ компания, терпящая убытки family ~ семейная компания family-owned ~ семейная компания fictitious ~ фиктивная компания finance ~ финансовая компания financial ~ финансовая компания financial holding ~ финансовая холдинг-компания float a ~ образовывать акционерное общество present ~ excepted о присутствующих не говорят;
for company за компанию found a ~ учреждать компанию general insurance ~ компания общего страхования group ~ концерн group ~ смешанная компания group ~ совместная компания guarantee ~ компания-гарант ~ собеседник;
he is poor (good) company он скучный (интересный) собеседник hire purchase ~ компания, продающая товары в рассрочку holding ~ компания, владеющая контрольными пакетами акций других компаний;
компания-держатель;
компания-учредитель holding ~ орг.бизн. компания-держатель holding ~ орг.бизн. материнская компания holding ~ орг.бизн. холдинг-компания holding ~ холдинговая компания;
компания, владеющая контрольными пакетами акций других компаний;
компания-держатель;
компания-учредитель inactive ~ неактивная компания incorporated ~ акционерная компания industrial ~ промышленная компания insurance ~ страховая компания insurance ~ страховое общество international trading ~ международная торговая компания interrelated ~ взаимодействующая компания investment ~ инвестиционная компания investment trust ~ инвестиционная компания joint stock ~ акционерная компания stock: joint ~ company акционерное общество joint venture ~ совместная компания joint-stock ~ акционерное общество to keep bad ~ водиться с плохими людьми to keep ~ разг. ухаживать;
to keep company (with smb.) общаться, встречаться( с кем-л.) to keep ~ разг. ухаживать;
to keep company (with smb.) общаться, встречаться (с кем-л.) keep: to ~ company дружить;
to keep covered воен. держать на прицеле;
to keep on at a person разг. беспрестанно бранить( кого-л.) to ~ company составлять компанию, сопровождать to keep good ~ встречаться с хорошими людьми, бывать в хорошем обществе lame duck ~ компания в тяжелом финансовом положении, нуждающаяся в поддержке государства leading reinsurance ~ ведущая перестраховочная компания leasing ~ компания-арендатор leveraged ~ компания с высокой долей заемных средств limited ~ компания с ограниченной ответственностью limited: ~ ограниченный;
limited company ком. акционерное общество с ограниченной ответственностью limited insurance ~ страховая компания с ограниченной ответственностью limited liability ~ компания с ограниченной ответственностью liability: limited ~ company акционерное общество с ограниченной ответственностью liner ~ судоходная компания liquidate a ~ ликвидировать компанию liquidating ~ компания-ликвидатор listed ~ компания, акции которой котируются на фондовой бирже local ~ местная компания lumber ~ лесозаготовительная компания mail-order ~ компания посылочной торговли main ~ главная компания a man is known by the ~ he keeps посл. = скажи мне, кто твой друг, и я скажу, кто ты marine insurance ~ компания морского страхования medium-sized ~ компания среднего размера multinational ~ многонациональная компания municipality-controlled ~ компания, контролируемая муниципалитетом mutual ~ компания на взаимных началах mutual insurance ~ компания взаимного страхования natural gas ~ компания по снабжению природным газом nonlife insurance ~ компания по страхованию ущерба nonprofit ~ бесприбыльная компания nonprofit ~ некоммерческая компания oil ~ нефтедобывающая компания oil ~ нефтяная компания one-man ~ компания, акции которой принадлежат одному лицу one-man ~ компания с единоличным владельцем open-end investment ~ инвестиционная компания открытого типа ostensible ~ фиктивная компания paper ~ фиктивная компания parent ~ компания, владеющая контрольным пакетом другой компании;
компания-учредитель parent ~ компания, владеющая контрольным пакетом акций другой компании parent ~ материнская компания to part ~ (with smb.) прекратить связь, знакомство ( с кем-л.) partnership ~ товарищество pension insurance ~ компания страхования пенсии petroleum ~ нефтяная компания pharmaceutical ~ фармацевтическая компания phone ~ телефонная компания present ~ excepted о присутствующих не говорят;
for company за компанию present: present грам.: present tense настоящее время;
present participle причастие настоящего времени;
present company excepted о присутствующих не говорят primary ~ основная компания principal ~ основная компания private ~ закрытая акционерная компания private ~ товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью private ~ частная акционерная компания private insurance ~ частная страховая компания production ~ производственная фирма production ~ производящая компания profit making ~ компания, получающая прибыль profitable ~ рентабельная компания property administration ~ компания, управляющая собственностью property ~ компания-держатель property ~ холдинг-компания proprietary ~ компания-держатель proprietary ~ холдинг-компания proprietary ~ частная компания с ограниченной ответственностью public ~ открытая акционерная компания public ~ публичная акционерная компания public utility ~ государственная компания по коммунальному обслуживанию public utility ~ государственное коммунальное предприятие publishing ~ издательская фирма quasipublic ~ квазигосударственная организация quasipublic ~ частная компания с общественными функциями quoted ~ компания, акции которой котируются на рынке railway ~ железнодорожная компания real estate ~ компания, ведущая операции с недвижимостью real property ~ компания, ведущая операции с недвижимостью ~ гости;
to receive a great deal of company часто принимать гостей redevelopment ~ компания по реконструкции жилых районов registered ~ зарегистрированная компания regulated ~ компания, деятельность которой регулируется государством reinsurance ~ компания, осуществляющая перестрахование reinsurance ~ перестраховочная компания related ~ дочерняя компания related ~ компания-участница related ~ подконтрольная компания retroceding ~ ретроцедирующая компания sales finance ~ компания по финансированию продаж в рассрочку salvage ~ спасательное общество selling ~ торговая компания semipublic ~ акционерная компания с собственностью смешанного типа service ~ компания сферы обслуживания shell ~ официально зарегистрированная компания, не имеющая существенных активов и не ведущая операций shipowning ~ судоходная компания shipping ~ судоходная компания sister ~ родственная компания sister ~ филиал компании sole proprietor ~ компания с единственным владельцем specialized trading ~ специализированная торговая компания statutory ~ компания, учрежденная специальным актом парламента (Великобритания) ~ труппа, ансамбль артистов;
stock company постоянная труппа stock ~ акционерная компания stock ~ театральная труппа, обычно выступающая в одном театре с определенным репертуаром;
театральная труппа со средним составом актеров (без звезд) stock: ~ = stock company stock-exchange listed ~ компания, внесенная в курсовой бюллетень stockbroking ~ компания, ведущая операции с фондовыми ценностями storage ~ фирма, обслуживающая склад subsidiary ~ дочерняя компания subsidiary ~ филиал surety ~ компания-гарант surviving ~ компания-наследница surviving ~ сохранившаяся компания telephone ~ телефонная компания television ~ телекомпания trading ~ торговая компания transport ~ транспортная компания trust ~ компания, выступающая в качестве доверительного собственника trust ~ траст-компания trust ~ трастовая компания underlying ~ дочерняя компания, привилегии которой не могут быть переданы материнской фирме unlimited ~ компания с неограниченной ответственностью urban redevelopment ~ компания, ведущая перепланировку города utility ~ предприятие общественного пользования warehousing ~ складская фирма wholly foreign-owned ~ фирма, полностью контролируемая иностранным владельцем

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > company
12 abschließen

abschließen v 1. BANK make up, take out, balance; 2. FIN balance; 3. GEN complete, (BE) top up; finalize, transact (Vertrag); conclude (beenden); round off (Meeting); 4. GRUND complete; 5. RW transact, balance; close (Bücher); 6. RECHT complete, conclude; 7. VERSICH take out; 8. ADMIN conclude • Konto abschließen 1. BANK post up an account; 2. FIN settle an account; 3. RW rule off
* * *

v 1. < Bank> make up, take out, balance; 2. < Finanz> balance; 3. < Geschäft> complete, top up (BE), Vertrag finalize, transact, beenden conclude, Meeting round off; 4. < Grund> complete; 5. < Rechnung> transact, balance, Bücher close; 6. < Recht> complete, conclude; 7. < Versich> take out; 8. < Verwalt> conclude ■ Konto abschließen 1. < Bank> post up an account; 2. < Finanz> settle an account; 3. < Rechnung> rule off

* * *
abschließen
(Angelegenheit) to conclude, to terminate, (Brief) to close, to end, (Geschäft) to transact, (Konto, Rechnung) to settle, to adjust, to wind up, to balance;
• Abkommen abschließen to conclude a treaty;
• aktiv abschließen to show a balance in favo(u)r;
• Anleihe abschließen to contract a loan;
• Arbeitsvertrag abschließen to sign on;
• Bilanz abschließen to strike (bring down) a balance;
• Bücher abschließen to balance (close, make up) the books;
• erfolgreich (mit Erfolg) abschließen to crown;
• Fünfjahresplan erfolgreich abschließen to implement a five-year plan;
• Geschäft abschließen to clinch a deal;
• Geschäft mit jem. abschließen to strike (close, conclude) a bargain (enter into a transaction) with s. o.;
• Geschäft erfolgreich abschließen to put a business deal across, to wrap up a business deal;
• übereiltes Geschäft abschließen to rush into business;
• Geschäftsjahr abschließen to close the business year;
• mit Gewinn abschließen to show a profit;
• Gläubigervergleich abschließen to compound with one’s creditors;
• Handel abschließen to nail a bargain;
• Jahr mit Verlust abschließen to close a year in the red (coll.);
• Krankenversicherung abschließen to insure against illness;
• nach bescheidenen Umsätzen mit uneinheitlichen Kursen abschließen (Börse) to finish mixed in moderate trading;
• Lieferungsvertrag abschließen to tender a contract for supply;
• Liquidationsvergleich abschließen to make an assignment for the benefit of one's creditors;
• Nahrungsmittel luftdicht abschließen to airtight food;
• passiv abschließen to show a debit balance;
• für eigene Rechnung abschließen to trade for own account;
• mit höchsten Tageskursen abschließen (Börse) to finish off their best levels of the day;
• Vergleich abschließen to come to an arrangement;
• Verkauf abschließen to effect (conclude) a sale;
• mit einem Verlust abschließen to close with a loss, to show a deficit;
• Versicherung abschließen to take out an insurance policy, to obtain (place) an insurance;
• Vertrag abschließen to come to (sign, conclude, effect, enter into) an agreement, to enter a contract.

Business german-english dictionary > abschließen
13 gros

gros, grosse [gʀo, gʀos]

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1. adjective

2. masculine noun

3. feminine noun

4. adverb

5. compounds

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. (dimension) big, large ; [personne, ventre, bébé] fat ; [lèvres, corde, pull, manteau] thick ; [chaussures, averse] heavy

• le gros bout the thick end

• il pleut à grosses gouttes it's raining heavily

• gros comme une tête d'épingle the size of a pinhead

• je l'ai vu venir gros comme une maison (inf) I could see it coming a mile off (inf)

   b. ( = important) [travail, problème, ennui, erreur] big ; [somme, entreprise] large ; [soulagement, progrès] great ; [dégâts] extensive ; [fièvre] high ; [rhume] bad

• une grosse affaire a large business

• un gros industriel a big industrialist

• pendant les grosses chaleurs in the hottest part of the summer

• c'est un gros morceau (inf) ( = travail) it's a big job ; ( = obstacle) it's a big obstacle

• il a un gros appétit he has a big appetite

• acheter en grosses quantités to buy in bulk

   c. ( = houleux) [mer] rough

   d. ( = sonore) [soupir] deep

• une grosse voix a booming voice

   e. (intensif) un gros buveur a heavy drinker

• un gros mangeur a big eater

• tu es un gros paresseux (inf) you're such a lazybones

• gros nigaud ! (inf) you big ninny! (inf)

   f. ( = rude) [drap, laine, vêtement, plaisanterie, traits] coarse

• le gros travail the heavy work

• nous dire ça, c'est un peu gros saying that to us was a bit thick (inf)

   g. (locutions) faire les gros yeux (à un enfant) to glower (at a child)

• faire la grosse voix (inf) to speak gruffly

• c'est une grosse tête (inf) he's brainy (inf)

• avoir la grosse tête (inf) to be big-headed

• faire une grosse tête à qn (inf!) to bash sb up (inf)

2. <

   a. ( = personne) fat man

• un petit gros (inf) a fat little man

   b. ( = principal) le gros du travail est fait the bulk of the work is done

• le gros de l'orage est passé the worst of the storm is over

• j'ai fait le plus gros I've done the bulk of it

   c. (Business) le commerce de gros the wholesale business

• prix de gros wholesale price

   d. ► en gros

• c'est écrit en gros it's written in big letters

• papetier en gros (Business) wholesale stationer

• commande en gros bulk order

• acheter en gros to buy wholesale

• évaluer en gros la distance to make a rough estimate of the distance

• dites-moi, en gros, ce qui s'est passé tell me roughly what happened

3. <

grosse ( = personne) fat woman

• ma grosse (inf) old girl (inf)

4. <

   a. (dimension) écrire gros to write in large letters

   b. ( = beaucoup) il risque gros he's risking a lot

• je donnerais gros pour... I'd give a lot to...

• il y a gros à parier que... it's a safe bet that...

• jouer gros to play for high stakes

• en avoir gros sur la patate (inf!) to be upset (inf)

5. <

► gros bonnet (inf) bigwig (inf)

► grosse caisse ( = instrument) bass drum

► grosse légume (inf) bigwig (inf)

► gros mot swearword

• il dit des gros mots he swears ► gros œuvre shell (of a building)

► gros plan (Photography) close-up

► gros porteur ( = avion) jumbo jet

• (avion) très gros porteur superjumbo ► gros rouge (inf) rough red wine

► gros sel cooking salt

► gros temps rough weather

* * *

1.

grosse gʀo, gʀos adjectif

1) gén big, large

2) ( épais) thick

3) ( gras) fat

4) ( important) big, large

5) ( grave) [problème, erreur] serious, big; [déception, défaut] big, major

6) ( fort) [rhume] bad; [sanglots] loud; [soupir, voix] deep; [pluie, chute de neige] heavy; [orage] big; [temps, mer] rough; [buveur, fumeur] heavy

avoir une grosse fièvre — to have a very high temperature

avoir une grosse faim — to be very hungry

pendant les grosses chaleurs — when the weather is at its hottest

gros malin! — (colloq) you silly fool! (colloq)

7) ( rude) [rire] coarse; [drap, laine] coarse

2.

nom masculin, féminin fat man/woman

3.

adverbe

1) ( en grands caractères) [écrire] big

écrire moins gros — to write smaller

2) ( beaucoup) [miser, perdre] lit a lot of money; fig a lot

jouer gros — lit, fig to play for high stakes

il y a gros à parier que... — it's a good bet that...

4.

nom masculin invariable

1) ( plupart)

le gros de — the majority ou bulk of [spectateurs, passagers]; the main body of [manifestants, expédition]; the bulk of [travail]; most of [hiver, saison]; most of [déficit]

2) Commerce wholesale trade

de gros — [magasin, prix] wholesale

3)

la pêche au gros — game fishing

5.

en gros locution adverbiale

1) ( dans les grandes lignes) roughly

en gros je suis d'accord — basically, I agree

2) Commerce [acheter] wholesale

3) ( en grands caractères) in big letters

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- gros bétail

- gros bonnet

- gros lot

- gros mot

- gros œuvre

- gros plan

- gros sel

- gros titre

- grosse caisse

- grosse légume

- grosse tête

••

avoir le cœur gros — to have a heavy heart

en avoir gros sur le cœur or la patate — (colloq) to be very upset

gros comme le poing — as big as my fist

gros comme une tête d'épingle — no bigger than a pinhead

c'est un peu gros comme histoire! — that's a bit of a tall story!

il dit des bêtises grosses comme lui — he says the most ridiculous things

* * *
ɡʀo, ɡʀos gros, -se
1. adj

1) (fruit, maison, paquet) big, large, (câble, trait) thick, heavy

une grosse pomme — a big apple

2) (personne) fat

Je suis trop grosse pour porter ça! — I'm too fat to wear that!

3) (travaux, dégâts) extensive, (problème, quantité) great

4)

par gros temps — in rough weather

une grosse mer — heavy seas

2. adv

1) (= beaucoup)

risquer gros — to risk a lot

gagner gros — to win a lot

en avoir gros sur le cœur — to be upset

2)

écrire gros — to write in big letters

3. nm

1) COMMERCE

le gros — the wholesale business

prix de gros — wholesale price

en gros — wholesale

2)

le gros de (= la majeure partie de) — most of, [travail] the bulk of

Le gros de l'hiver est derrière nous. — The worst of the winter is behind us now.

en gros — roughly

* * *

gros, grosse

A adj (before n)

1 ( volumineux) gén big, large; [tête, cœur] lit large; [cigare] big, fat;

2 ( épais) [lèvres, genoux, chevilles] thick; [couverture, pull, rideau] thick;

3 ( gras) [homme, femme, enfant] fat; [bébé] big; [ventre] fat, big; un gros bonhomme a fat lump;

4 ( important) [entreprise, exploitation] big, large; [commerçant, producteur, industriel, actionnaire, client] big; [contrat, investissement, marché] big; [dégâts] considerable; [dépense, héritage, somme] big; [récolte, cueillette] big; un de nos plus gros clients/actionnaires one of our major customers/shareholders;

5 ( grave) [problème, erreur] serious, big; [difficulté, déception, défaut] big, major;

6 ( fort) [mensonge, surprise] big; [rhume] bad; [sanglots] loud; [soupir, voix] deep; [câlin, larmes, appétit] big; [pluie, chute de neige] heavy; [orage] big; [temps, mer] rough; [buveur, fumeur] heavy; [mangeur] big; par gros temps in rough weather; avoir une grosse fièvre to have a very high temperature; avoir une grosse faim to be very hungry; d'une grosse voix in a very serious voice; pendant les grosses chaleurs when the weather is at its hottest; gros malin! you silly fool○!; un gros fainéant/porc a real lazybones/dirty pig;

7 ( rude) [traits] coarse, heavy; [rire] coarse; [drap, laine] coarse.

B nm,f fat man/woman; un petit gros a small fat man; une bonne grosse a plump old dear; mon gros my old thing; les petits payent pour les gros fig the rich live off the backs of the poor.

C adv

1 ( en gros caractères) [écrire] big ou in big letters; essaie d'écrire moins/plus gros try to write smaller/bigger;

2 ( beaucoup) [miser, risquer, gagner, perdre] lit a lot of money; fig a lot; jouer gros lit, fig to play for high stakes; il y a gros à parier que… it's a good bet that…

D nm

1 ( plupart) le gros de the majority ou bulk of [spectateurs, lecteurs, passagers]; the main body of [manifestants, troupes, armée, expédition]; the bulk of [travail]; the main part of [effort, dépenses, revenus]; most of [été, hiver, saison]; most of [déficit]; le gros de la troupe a suivi the main body of the group followed;

2 Comm wholesale trade; de gros [magasin, commerce, prix] wholesale;

3 Pêche game fish; la pêche au gros game fishing.

E en gros loc

1 ( dans les grandes lignes) [expliquer, raconter] roughly; en gros, voilà ce qui s'est passé that's roughly what happened; il s'agit, en gros, de savoir si… what's roughly involved is finding out if…; en gros je suis d'accord avec toi basically, I agree with you;

2 Comm [acheter, vendre] wholesale, in bulk; [achat, vente] wholesale ( épith), bulk ( épith);

3 ( en gros caractères) [écrit, imprimé] in big letters.

F grosse nf

1 ( copie d'acte) engrossment;

2 ( douze douzaines) gross.

Composés

gros bétail Agric large livestock; gros bonnet○ big wig○ GB, big shot○; gros bras○ strong man; gros coup○ a big deal; réussir un gros coup to pull off a big deal; gros cube○ Aut, Transp big bike○ ou motorbike, big hog○ US; gros cul○ big truck; gros gibier Chasse big game; fig big time criminals (pl); gros lard○ fat slob○; gros linge heavy washing; gros lot Jeux first prize, jackpot; gagner or décrocher le gros lot lit, fig to hit the jackpot; gros morceau○ ( travail) big job; s'attaquer à un gros morceau to tackle a big job; gros mot swearword; dire des gros mots to use bad language, to swear; gros œuvre Constr shell (of a building); nous avons fini le gros œuvre we've finished the shell (of the building); gros plan Cin close-up; en gros plan in close-up; faire un gros plan sur to do a close-up of; gros plein de soupe○ fatso○; gros rouge○ red plonk○ GB, cheap red wine; gros sel Culin coarse salt; gros titre Presse headline; être en gros titres dans les journaux to hit the (newspaper) headlines; grosse caisse Mus bass drum; grosse légume○ = gros bonnet; grosse tête○ brain box○ GB, brain○.

Idiomes

faire une grosse tête à qn◑ to give sb a thick ear○ GB, to beat sb upside the head○ US; avoir le cœur gros to have a heavy heart; en avoir gros sur le cœur or la patate○ to be very upset; gros comme le poing as big as my fist; gros comme une tête d'épingle no bigger than a pinhead; c'est un peu gros comme histoire! that's a bit of a tall story!; il dit des bêtises grosses comme lui he says ridiculous foolish things.

( féminin grosse) [gro, gros] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [groz]) adjectif

1. [grand] large, big

[épais, solide] big, thick

une grosse boîte de haricots a large ou big can of beans

le paquet est/n'est pas (très) gros the parcel is/isn't (very) big

prends-le par le gros bout pick it up by the thick ou thicker end

de grosses chaussures heavy shoes

gros drap coarse linen

de grosses lèvres thick lips

un gros pull a thick ou heavy jumper

gros trait de crayon thick pencil mark

une grosse tranche a thick slice

2. [corpulent] big, fat

un homme grand et gros a tall fat man

de grosses jambes fat ou stout legs

3. [en intensif]

un gros appétit/mangeur a big ou hearty appetite/eater

gros bêta! you great ninny!

un gros bisou (familier) a big kiss

un gros bruit a loud ou big noise

un gros buveur a heavy drinker

par les grosses chaleurs in the hot season

un gros soupir a big ou heavy sigh

4. [abondant] heavy

une grosse averse a heavy shower

son usine a de gros effectifs his factory employs large numbers of people ou has a large workforce

5. [important] big

le gros avantage des supermarchés the big ou major advantage of supermarkets

de gros dégâts extensive ou widespread damage

une grosse entreprise a large ou big company

de gros frais heavy expenses

avoir de gros moyens to have a large income ou considerable resources

de gros profits big ou fat profits

une grosse somme a large sum of money

il y a de gros travaux à faire dans cette maison that house needs a lot (of work) done to it

une grosse angine a (very) sore throat

un gros rhume a bad ou heavy cold

de gros ennuis serious trouble, lots of trouble

une grosse journée (de travail) a hard day's work

de grosses pertes heavy losses

gros œuvre structural work, carcass (terme spécialisé)

6. [prospère] big

un gros producteur d'Hollywood a big Hollywood producer

les gros actionnaires the major shareholders

7. [rude]

une grosse voix a rough ou gruff voice

un gros rire coarse laughter

l'astuce/la supercherie était un peu grosse the trick/the hoax was a bit obvious

grosse blague crude joke

[exagéré]

j'ai trouvé ça un peu gros! I thought it was a bit much!

tout de suite, les grosses menaces! (familier) so it's threats already, is it?

8. MÉTÉOROLOGIE

par gros temps/grosse mer in heavy weather/seas

gros vent gale

9. (soutenu) [rempli]

gros de: un ciel gros d'orage stormy skies

un cœur gros de tendresse a heart full of tenderness

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, grosse [gro, gros] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [groz]) nom masculin, nom féminin

fat person

un petit gros a fat little man

ça va, mon gros? (familier) all right, son ou old boy?

gros nom masculin

1. [majorité]

le gros de: le gros des étudiants most of the students

le gros de l'hiver est passé the worst of the winter is over

le gros du chargement the bulk of the cargo

2. COMMERCE

le gros the wholesale business

gros adverbe

couper gros to cut in thick slices

écrire gros to write big

coûter/gagner gros to cost/to win a lot (of money)

ça va vous coûter gros (sens propre & figuré) it'll cost you dear

jouer gros (sens propre) to play for high stakes

jouer ou miser ou risquer gros (figuré) to take ou to run a big risk, to stick one's neck out

elle donnerait gros pour savoir she'd give her right arm ou a lot to find out

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de gros locution adjectivale

[commerce, prix] wholesale

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en gros locution adjectivale

bulk (modificateur)

vente en gros wholesaling

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en gros locution adverbiale

1. [approximativement] roughly

je sais en gros de quoi il s'agit I know roughly what it's about

2. [en lettres capitales]

c'est imprimé en gros it's printed in big letters

3. COMMERCE wholesale

acheter en gros to buy wholesale

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gros bonnet nom masculin

(familier) bigwig , big shot

————————

grosse légume nom féminin

(familier) [personne influente] bigwig , big shot

[officier] brass (hat)

les grosses légumes du régiment the top brass (of the regiment)

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > gros

14 good

good [gʊd]

bon ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (c), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(e), 1E (a)-(d), 2 (a) beau ⇒ 1A (a), 1D (b) gentil ⇒ 1B (a) sage ⇒ 1B (b) favorable ⇒ 1C (b) bien ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 5 pour de bon ⇒ 6

(compar better ['betə(r)], superl best [best])

1 adjective

A.

(a) (enjoyable, pleasant → book, feeling, holiday) bon, agréable; (→ weather) beau (belle);

∎ we're good friends nous sommes très amis;

∎ we're just good friends on est des amis, c'est tout;

∎ she has a good relationship with her staff elle a un bon contact avec ses employés;

∎ they have a good sex life sexuellement, tout va bien entre eux;

∎ they had a good time ils se sont bien amusés;

∎ we had good weather during the holidays il faisait beau pendant nos vacances;

∎ good to eat/to hear bon à manger/à entendre;

∎ it's good to be home ça fait du bien ou ça fait plaisir de rentrer chez soi;

∎ it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre;

∎ wait until he's in a good mood attendez qu'il soit de bonne humeur;

∎ to feel good être en forme;

∎ he doesn't feel good about leaving her alone (worried) ça l'ennuie de la laisser seule; (ashamed) il a honte de la laisser seule;

∎ it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai ou pour y croire;

∎ the good life la belle vie;

∎ she's never had it so good! elle n'a jamais eu la vie si belle!;

∎ this is as good as you can get or as it gets c'est ce qui se fait de mieux;

∎ have a good day! bonne journée!;

∎ it's good to see you je suis/nous sommes content(s) de te voir;

∎ American familiar good to see you content de te voir;

∎ you can have too much of a good thing on se lasse de tout, même du meilleur

(b) (high quality → clothing, dishes) bon, de bonne qualité; (→ painting, film) bon; (→ food) bon;

∎ it's a good school c'est une bonne école;

∎ he speaks good English il parle bien anglais;

∎ she put her good shoes on elle a mis ses belles chaussures;

∎ I need a good suit j'ai besoin d'un bon costume;

∎ this house is good enough for me cette maison me suffit;

∎ if it's good enough for you, it's good enough for me si ça vous va, alors ça me va aussi;

∎ this isn't good enough ça ne va pas;

∎ this work isn't good enough ce travail laisse beaucoup à désirer;

∎ nothing is too good for her family rien n'est trop beau pour sa famille;

∎ it makes good television ça marche bien à la télévision

(c) (competent, skilful) bon, compétent;

∎ do you know a good lawyer? connaissez-vous un bon avocat?;

∎ she's a very good doctor c'est un excellent médecin;

∎ he's a good swimmer c'est un bon nageur;

∎ she's a good listener c'est quelqu'un qui sait écouter;

∎ to be good in bed être bien au lit;

∎ he's too good for that job il mérite une meilleure situation;

∎ to be good at sth être doué pour ou bon en qch;

∎ they're good at everything ils sont bons en tout;

∎ he's good with children il sait s'y prendre avec les enfants;

∎ to be good with one's hands être habile ou adroit de ses mains;

∎ they're not good enough to direct the others ils ne sont pas à la hauteur pour diriger les autres;

∎ you're as good as he is tu le vaux bien, tu vaux autant que lui;

∎ she's as good an artist as you are elle vous vaut en tant qu'artiste;

∎ to be good on French history/contract law (author) être bon en histoire de France/sur le droit des contrats;

∎ to be good on sth (book) être complet sur qch;

∎ the good gardening guide (title of book) le guide du bon jardinier

(d) (useful) bon;

∎ to be good for nothing être bon à rien;

∎ this product is also good for cleaning windows ce produit est bien aussi pour nettoyer les vitres

(e) (in greetings)

∎ good afternoon! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) bon après-midi!;

∎ good day! British or & American old-fashioned (hello) bonjour!; British old-fashioned (goodbye) adieu!;

∎ good evening! bonsoir!;

∎ good morning! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) au revoir!, bonne journée!

B.

(a) (kind) bon, gentil; (loyal, true) bon, véritable; (moral, virtuous) bon;

∎ good behaviour or conduct bonne conduite f;

∎ she's a good person c'est quelqu'un de bien;

∎ he's a good sort c'est un brave type;

∎ she proved to be a good friend elle a prouvé qu'elle était une véritable amie;

∎ he's been a good husband to her il a été pour elle un bon mari;

∎ you're too good for him tu mérites mieux que lui;

∎ they took advantage of his good nature ils ont profité de son bon naturel ou caractère;

∎ he's a good Christian/communist c'est un bon chrétien/communiste;

∎ to lead a good life (comfortable) avoir une belle vie; (moral) mener une vie vertueuse ou exemplaire;

∎ they've always been good to me ils ont toujours été gentils avec moi;

∎ life has been good to me j'ai eu de la chance dans la vie;

∎ that's very good of you c'est très aimable de votre part;

∎ he was very good about it il s'est montré très compréhensif;

∎ it's good of you to come c'est aimable ou gentil à vous d'être venu;

∎ would you be good enough to ask him? auriez-vous la bonté de lui demander?, seriez-vous assez aimable pour lui demander?;

∎ would you be good enough to reply by return of post? voudriez-vous avoir l'obligeance de répondre par retour du courrier?;

∎ old-fashioned or humorous and how's your good lady? et comment va madame?;

∎ old-fashioned or humorous my good man mon brave;

∎ literary good men and true des hommes vaillants;

∎ literary the good ship Caledonia le Caledonia

(b) (well-behaved) sage;

∎ be good! sois sage!;

∎ be a good boy and fetch Mummy's bag sois mignon, va chercher le sac de maman;

∎ good dog! (encouraging) oh, le beau chien!; (congratulating) c'est bien, le chien!

C.

(a) (desirable, positive) bon, souhaitable; (cause) bon;

∎ it's a good thing she's prepared to talk about it c'est une bonne chose qu'elle soit prête à en parler;

∎ she had the good fortune to arrive just then elle a eu la chance d'arriver juste à ce moment-là;

∎ it's a good job or good thing he decided not to go c'est une chance qu'il ait décidé de ou heureusement qu'il a décidé de ne pas y aller;

∎ all good wishes for the New Year tous nos meilleurs vœux pour le nouvel an

(b) (favourable → contract, deal) avantageux, favorable; (→ opportunity, sign) bon, favorable;

∎ to buy sth at a good price acheter qch bon marché ou à un prix avantageux;

∎ you've got a good chance tu as toutes tes chances;

∎ she's in a good position to help us elle est bien placée pour nous aider;

∎ there are good times ahead l'avenir est prometteur;

∎ he put in a good word for me with the boss il a glissé un mot en ma faveur au patron;

∎ it's looking good (is going well) ça a l'air de bien se passer; (is going to succeed) ça se présente bien;

∎ he's looking good (of boxer, athlete, election candidate) il a toutes ses chances

(c) (convenient, suitable → place, time) bon, propice; (→ choice) bon, convenable;

∎ it's a good holiday spot for people with children c'est un lieu de vacances idéal pour ceux qui ont des enfants;

∎ is this a good moment to ask him? est-ce un bon moment pour lui demander?;

∎ this is as good a time as any autant le faire maintenant;

∎ it's as good a way as any to do it c'est une façon comme une autre de le faire

(d) (beneficial) bon, bienfaisant;

∎ protein-rich diets are good for pregnant women les régimes riches en protéines sont bons pour les femmes enceintes;

∎ eat your spinach, it's good for you mange tes épinards, c'est bon pour toi;

∎ hard work is good for the soul! le travail forme le caractère!;

∎ whisky is good for a cold le whisky est bon pour les rhumes;

∎ to be good for business être bon pour les affaires;

∎ he's not good for her il a une mauvaise influence sur elle;

∎ this cold weather isn't good for your health ce froid n'est pas bon pour ta santé ou est mauvais pour toi;

∎ it's good for him to spend time outdoors ça lui fait du bien ou c'est bon pour lui de passer du temps dehors;

∎ he works more than is good for him il travaille plus qu'il ne faudrait ou devrait;

∎ figurative he doesn't know what's good for him il ne sait pas ce qui est bon pour lui;

∎ figurative if you know what's good for you, you'll listen si tu as le moindre bon sens, tu m'écouteras

D.

(a) (sound, strong) bon, valide;

∎ I can do a lot with my good arm je peux faire beaucoup de choses avec mon bras valide;

∎ my eyesight/hearing is good j'ai une bonne vue/l'ouïe fine

(b) (attractive → appearance) bon, beau (belle); (→ features, legs) beau (belle), joli;

∎ you're looking good! (healthy) tu as bonne mine!; (well-dressed) tu es très bien!;

∎ that colour looks good on him cette couleur lui va bien;

∎ she has a good figure elle est bien faite;

∎ the vase looks good there le vase rend très bien là

(c) (valid, well-founded) bon, valable;

∎ she had a good excuse/reason for not going elle avait une bonne excuse pour/une bonne raison de ne pas y aller;

∎ I wouldn't have come without good reason je ne serais pas venu sans avoir une bonne raison;

∎ they made out a good case against drinking tap water ils ont bien expliqué pourquoi il ne fallait pas boire l'eau du robinet

(d) (reliable, trustworthy → brand, car) bon, sûr; Commerce & Finance (→ cheque) bon; (→ investment, securities) sûr; (→ debt) bon, certain;

∎ my passport is good for five years mon passeport est bon ou valable pour cinq ans;

∎ this coat is good for another year ce manteau fera encore un an;

∎ familiar she's good for another ten years elle en a bien encore pour dix ans;

∎ familiar he's always good for a laugh il sait toujours faire rire^□ ;

∎ how much money are you good for? (do you have) de combien d'argent disposez-vous?;

∎ he should be good for a couple of hundred pounds on devrait pouvoir en tirer quelques centaines de livres;

∎ they are or their credit is good for £500 on peut leur faire crédit jusqu'à 500 livres

(e) (honourable, reputable) bon, estimé;

∎ they live at a good address ils habitent un quartier chic;

∎ to protect their good name pour défendre leur réputation;

∎ the firm has a good name la société a (une) bonne réputation;

∎ she's from a good family elle est de bonne famille;

∎ a family of good standing une famille bien

E.

(a) (ample, considerable) bon, considérable;

∎ a good amount or deal of money beaucoup d'argent;

∎ a good (round) sum une somme rondelette;

∎ a good few people pas mal de gens;

∎ take good care of your mother prends bien soin de ta mère;

∎ to make good money bien gagner sa vie;

∎ I make good money je gagne bien ma vie;

∎ we still have a good way to go nous avons encore un bon bout de chemin à faire;

∎ I was a good way into the book when I realized that… j'avais déjà bien avancé dans ma lecture quand je me suis rendu compte que…;

∎ a good thirty years ago il y a bien trente ans;

∎ the trip will take you a good two hours il vous faudra deux bonnes heures pour faire le voyage;

∎ she's been gone a good while ça fait un bon moment qu'elle est partie;

∎ they came in a good second ils ont obtenu une bonne deuxième place;

∎ there's a good risk of it happening il y a de grands risques que ça arrive

(b) (proper, thorough) bon, grand;

∎ I gave the house a good cleaning j'ai fait le ménage à fond;

∎ have a good cry pleure un bon coup;

∎ we had a good laugh on a bien ri;

∎ I managed to get a good look at his face j'ai pu bien regarder son visage;

∎ take a good look at her regardez-la bien;

∎ he got a good spanking il a reçu une bonne fessée;

∎ familiar we were good and mad on était carrément furax;

∎ she'll call when she's good and ready elle appellera quand elle le voudra bien;

∎ I was good and sorry to have invited her j'ai bien regretté de l'avoir invitée

(c) (acceptable) bon, convenable;

∎ we made the trip in good time le voyage n'a pas été trop long;

∎ that's all very good or all well and good but→ c'est bien joli ou bien beau tout ça mais…

(d) (indicating approval) bon, très bien;

∎ I'd like a new suit - very good, sir! j'ai besoin d'un nouveau costume - (très) bien, monsieur!;

∎ she left him - good! elle l'a quitté - tant mieux!;

∎ he's feeling better - good, let him go il va mieux - très bien, laissez-le partir;

∎ good, that's settled bon ou bien, voilà une affaire réglée;

∎ (that) sounds good! (good idea) bonne idée!;

∎ that's a good question c'est une bonne question;

∎ familiar that's a good one! (joke) elle est (bien) bonne, celle-là!; ironic (far-fetched story) à d'autres!;

∎ familiar good on you or for you! bravo!, très bien!;

∎ good old Eric, I knew he wouldn't let us down! ce brave Eric, je savais qu'il ne nous laisserait pas tomber!;

∎ good old London le bon vieux Londres;

∎ the good old days le bon vieux temps

2 adverb

(a) (as intensifier) bien, bon;

∎ a good hard bed un lit bien dur;

∎ I'd like a good hot bath j'ai envie de prendre un bon bain chaud;

∎ he needs a good sound spanking il a besoin d'une bonne fessée;

∎ the two friends had a good long chat les deux amis ont longuement bavardé;

∎ we took a good long walk nous avons fait une bonne ou une grande promenade

(b) familiar (well) bien^□ ;

∎ she writes good elle écrit bien;

∎ the boss gave it to them good and proper le patron leur a passé un de ces savons;

∎ their team beat us good and proper leur équipe nous a battus à plate couture ou à plates coutures;

∎ I'll do it when I'm good and ready je le ferai quand ça me chantera;

∎ I like my coffee good and strong j'aime le café bien fort;

∎ make sure it's stuck on good and hard vérifie que c'est vraiment bien collé;

∎ put the paint on good and thick appliquer la peinture en couches bien épaisses

(c) (idioms)

∎ to make good (succeed) réussir; (reform) changer de conduite, se refaire une vie;

∎ a local boy made good un garçon du pays ou du coin qui a fait son chemin;

∎ the prisoner made good his escape le prisonnier est parvenu à s'échapper ou a réussi son évasion;

∎ they made good their promise ils ont tenu parole ou ont respecté leur promesse;

∎ he made good his position as leader il a assuré sa position de leader;

∎ to make sth good (mistake) remédier à qch; (damages, injustice) réparer qch; (losses) compenser qch; (deficit) combler qch; (wall, surface) apporter des finitions à qch;

∎ we'll make good any expenses you incur nous vous rembourserons toute dépense;

∎ American to make good on sth honorer qch

3 noun

(a) (morality, virtue) bien m;

∎ they do good ils font le bien;

∎ that will do more harm than good ça fera plus de mal que de bien;

∎ to return good for evil rendre le bien pour le mal;

∎ that organization is a power for good cet organisme exerce une influence salutaire;

∎ she recognized the good in him elle a vu ce qu'il y avait de bon en lui;

∎ there is good and bad in everyone il y a du bon et du mauvais en chacun de nous;

∎ to be up to no good préparer un mauvais coup;

∎ their daughter came to no good leur fille a mal tourné;

∎ for good or evil, for good or ill pour le bien et pour le mal

(b) (use)

∎ this book isn't much good to me ce livre ne me sert pas à grand-chose;

∎ if it's any good to him si ça peut lui être utile ou lui rendre service;

∎ I was never any good at mathematics je n'ai jamais été doué pour les maths, je n'ai jamais été bon ou fort en maths;

∎ he's no good il est nul;

∎ he'd be no good as a teacher il ne ferait pas un bon professeur;

∎ what's the good? à quoi bon?;

∎ what good would it do to leave now? à quoi bon partir maintenant?;

∎ what good will it do you to see her? ça te servira à quoi ou t'avancera à quoi de la voir?;

∎ familiar a fat lot of good that did you! te voilà bien avancé maintenant!;

∎ ironic that will do you a lot of good! tu seras bien avancé!, ça te fera une belle jambe!;

∎ it's no good, I give up ça ne sert à rien, j'abandonne;

∎ it's no good worrying about it ça ne sert à rien de ou ce n'est pas la peine de ou inutile de vous inquiéter;

∎ I might as well talk to the wall for all the good it does je ferais aussi bien de parler au mur, pour tout l'effet que ça fait

(c) (benefit, welfare) bien m;

∎ I did it for your own good je l'ai fait pour ton (propre) bien;

∎ a holiday will do her good des vacances lui feront du bien;

∎ she resigned for the good of her health elle a démissionné pour des raisons de santé;

∎ it does my heart good to see you so happy ça me réchauffe le cœur de vous voir si heureux;

∎ much good may it do you! grand bien vous fasse!;

∎ the common good l'intérêt m commun

4 plural noun

∎ (people) the good les bons mpl, les gens mpl de bien;

∎ the good and the bad les bons et les méchants;

∎ only the good die young ce sont toujours les meilleurs qui partent les premiers

5 as good as adverb

pour ainsi dire, à peu de choses près;

∎ I'm as good as blind without my glasses sans lunettes je suis pour ainsi dire aveugle;

∎ he's as good as dead c'est comme s'il était mort;

∎ the job is as good as finished la tâche est pour ainsi dire ou est pratiquement finie;

∎ it's as good as new c'est comme neuf;

∎ he as good as admitted he was wrong il a pour ainsi dire reconnu qu'il avait tort;

∎ they as good as called us cowards ils n'ont pas dit qu'on était des lâches mais c'était tout comme;

∎ are you married? - as good as tu es marié? - non, mais c'est tout comme

6 for good adverb

pour de bon;

∎ she left for good elle est partie pour de bon;

∎ they finally settled down for good ils se sont enfin fixés définitivement;

∎ for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes, pour de bon;

∎ I'm warning you for good and all! c'est la dernière fois que je te le dis!

7 to the good adverb

∎ that's all to the good tant mieux;

∎ he finished up the card game £15 to the good il a fait 15 livres de bénéfice ou il a gagné 15 livres aux cartes

►► the Good Book la Bible;

Good Friday le vendredi saint;

good looks (attractive appearance) beauté f;

American familiar good old boy or good ole boy or good ol' boy (white male from Southern US) = Blanc originaire du sud des États-Unis, aux valeurs traditionnelles; pejorative (redneck) plouc m;

Bible the Good Samaritan le bon Samaritain;

figurative good Samaritan bon Samaritain m;

∎ she's a real good Samaritan elle a tout du bon Samaritain;

American Law the good Samaritan laws = lois qui protègent un sauveteur de toutes poursuites éventuelles engagées par le blessé;

the Good Shepherd le Bon Pasteur

✾ Book 'A Good Enough Parent' Bettelheim 'Pour être des parents acceptables'

✾ Book 'Good as Gold' Heller 'Franc comme l'or'

✾ Film 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' Leone 'Le Bon, la brute et le truand'

ⓘ GOOD FRIDAY En Grande-Bretagne, il est traditionnel, le jour du vendredi saint, de manger des "hot cross buns" (petits pains ronds aux fruits secs, marqués d'une croix).

ⓘ THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT Le processus de paix en Irlande du Nord, qui a été amorcé par les cessez-le-feu des groupes paramilitaires républicains et unionistes en 1994, a abouti au "Good Friday Agreement", l'accord de paix signé à Belfast en avril 1998. Cet accord, parrainé par les Premiers ministres britannique et irlandais, et finalement approuvé par le Sinn Féin et par la plupart des partis unionistes, a mis en place la "Northern Ireland Assembly", un parlement quasi autonome avec un partage démocratique du pouvoir entre les communautés protestante et catholique. Cet accord est une étape vers la fin de trente ans de guerre civile en Ulster.

ⓘ You've never had it so good Ce slogan a été utilisé pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1952 par les Démocrates. Il signifie "vous êtes aujourd'hui plus prospères que jamais". En Grande-Bretagne, ce slogan est associé au Premier ministre conservateur Harold Macmillan qui l'utilisa dans un discours en 1957. Aujourd'hui, on utilise cette formule sur le mode ironique lorsqu'une situation n'encourage pas du tout à l'optimisme.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > good

15 свърша

свъ̀рша,

свъ̀ршвам гл.

1. прех. finish, complete, end, bring to an end; мъча се да свърша преди срока work against time; нищо не е свършил от сутринта he hasn’t done a hand’s turn all morning; \свърша живота си end o.’s life, die; \свърша много/доста/сума работа accomplish a good deal, get a lot done, knock off a good deal of work, get through a lot of work; go a long way; \свърша нещо добре/зле make a good/bad job of s.th.; \свърша работа finish a job; get a business over; go through with an undertaking; \свърша хубава работа do a fine job; \свърша цялата работа get it all done;

2. непрех. come to an end; finish; end; terminate (и език.) (с, на in); (за урок, война и пр.) be over; (за срок) expire; (с известни последици) end, result (c in); \свърша с finish with, get through with, dispose of; get s.th. over; да кажем, че сме свършили за днес let’s call it a day; наближавам да свърша be drawing to a close/an end; не си ли свършил с яденето? haven’t you done eating? are you through? \свърша добре turn out for the best, (за човек) make good; \свърша зле come to a bad end (и за човек); \свърша с дефицит end with a deficit; \свърша с кавга end in a quarrel; \свърша с фалит finish up in bankruptcy; свърших I have done; свърших за днес I am through for today; хайде, свършвай! have/be done! cut it short!;

3. ( изразходвам) use up; ( изяждам) finish off/up;

4. ( учебно заведение) finish; \свърша университет graduate from/at a university; \свърша училище finish school/o.’s schooling; leave school;

5. ( идвам до дадено положение) end; \свърша в затвора wind up/land in person; \свърша в лудницата end in the madhouse; \свърша като учител и пр. end up as a teacher, etc.; \свърша печално come to a sorry end;

6. ( умирам) die; \свърша със самоубийство die by suicide;

\свърша се 1. ( минавам) come to an end, be over, end; ( изтичам за срок и пр.) expire;

2. ( бивам изразходван, изчерпан) give/run out, fail; ( бивам продаден) be sold out; (за ядене в ресторант) be off; запасите ни свършиха our supplies gave out; работата не се свършва с това that is not all, that is not the end of it; there is more to it than that; с това се свърши and that was the end of it; свършва ми се … run/be out of …, be getting low on …, be short of …; свърши се (за стока) we’re out of stock; we’re all sold out; • да свършим с това let’s have done with it; \свърша с някого разг. ( убивам) finish s.o. off; това му свърши добра работа it stood him in good stead; това ще свърши работа this will serve; той няма да свърши нищо one can’t rely on him; той свърши работата sl. he delivered the goods; той ще ме свърши he’ll be the death of me; хубаво я свършихме! свършихме я! a fine mess we’ve made of it.

Български-английски речник > свърша

16 company

[ˈkʌmpənɪ]

acquired company приобретенная компания acquiring company компания, приобретающая активы другой компании affiliate company компания-филиал affiliated company включенная в качестве филиала компания affiliated company дочерняя компания affiliated company компания, с которой имеются связи affiliated company компания-участница affiliated company компания-филиал affiliated company подконтрольная компания ailing company компания, испытывающая финансовые трудности air company авиакомпания air company авиационное коммерческое предприятие allied company дочерняя компания allied company компания-участница allied company подконтрольная компания amalgamated company объединенная компания associated company ассоциированная компания associated company дочернее общество associated company дочерняя компания associated company материнская компания associated company подконтрольная компания bank holding company банковская холдинг-компания bartering company компания, заключающая бартерные сделки bonding company компания по страхованию поручительного обязательства brass plate company адрес компании с указанием номера абонементного ящика captive company несамостоятельная компания ceding company компания, передающая риск и перестрахование chartered company компания, созданная на основе королевского декрета (Великобритания) close company закрытая компания close company компания закрытого типа commandite company командитная компания company акционерное общество company гости; to receive a great deal of company часто принимать гостей company компания, общество company компания company корпорация company общество; компания; to bear (или to keep) (smb.) company составлять (кому-л.) компанию, сопровождать (кого-л.) company общество company воен. рота company собеседник; he is poor (good) company он скучный (интересный) собеседник company товарищество company ком. товарищество, компания company труппа, ансамбль артистов; stock company постоянная труппа company экипаж (судна) company attr. воен. ротный company attr.: company store фабричная лавка; company union амер. "компанейский" профсоюз (организуемый предпринимателем для борьбы с независимыми профсоюзами) company in distress компания, испытывающая финансовые трудности company in financial difficulties компания, испытывающая финансовые трудности company in general meeting общее собрание представителей компании company in process of winding up компания в процессе ликвидации company attr.: company store фабричная лавка; company union амер. "компанейский" профсоюз (организуемый предпринимателем для борьбы с независимыми профсоюзами) company to be dissolved ликвидируемая компания company under foreign ownership компания, являющаяся иностранной собственностью company attr.: company store фабричная лавка; company union амер. "компанейский" профсоюз (организуемый предпринимателем для борьбы с независимыми профсоюзами) union: company company профсоюз, созданный в компании company with share capital компания с акционерным капиталом concessionary company концессионная компания constituent company дочерняя компания constituent company подконтрольная компания constituent company учредительная компания с правом голоса constituent company филиал construction company строительная компания consumer products company компания по производству потребительских товаров continuing company действующая компания contracting company компания-подрядчик controlled company дочерняя компания controlled company компания-участница controlled company подконтрольная компания controlling company компания-держатель controlling company материнская компания controlling company холдинг-компания credit evaluation company компания по оценке кредита de facto company фактически действующая компания deficit company компания с отрицательным платежным балансом defunct company расформированная компания discontinuing company компания, прекращающая свою деятельность diversified company диверсифицированная компания diversified company многоотраслевая компания dock company складская компания domestic company отечественная компания dummy company фиктивная компания dwarf company карликовая компания factoring company компания-посредник failing company компания, терпящая убытки family company семейная компания family-owned company семейная компания fictitious company фиктивная компания finance company финансовая компания financial company финансовая компания financial holding company финансовая холдинг-компания float a company образовывать акционерное общество present company excepted о присутствующих не говорят; for company за компанию found a company учреждать компанию general insurance company компания общего страхования group company концерн group company смешанная компания group company совместная компания guarantee company компания-гарант company собеседник; he is poor (good) company он скучный (интересный) собеседник hire purchase company компания, продающая товары в рассрочку holding company компания, владеющая контрольными пакетами акций других компаний; компания-держатель; компания-учредитель holding company орг.бизн. компания-держатель holding company орг.бизн. материнская компания holding company орг.бизн. холдинг-компания holding company холдинговая компания; компания, владеющая контрольными пакетами акций других компаний; компания-держатель; компания-учредитель inactive company неактивная компания incorporated company акционерная компания industrial company промышленная компания insurance company страховая компания insurance company страховое общество international trading company международная торговая компания interrelated company взаимодействующая компания investment company инвестиционная компания investment trust company инвестиционная компания joint stock company акционерная компания stock: joint company company акционерное общество joint venture company совместная компания joint-stock company акционерное общество to keep bad company водиться с плохими людьми to keep company разг. ухаживать; to keep company (with smb.) общаться, встречаться (с кем-л.) to keep company разг. ухаживать; to keep company (with smb.) общаться, встречаться (с кем-л.) keep: to company company дружить; to keep covered воен. держать на прицеле; to keep on at a person разг. беспрестанно бранить (кого-л.) to company company составлять компанию, сопровождать to keep good company встречаться с хорошими людьми, бывать в хорошем обществе lame duck company компания в тяжелом финансовом положении, нуждающаяся в поддержке государства leading reinsurance company ведущая перестраховочная компания leasing company компания-арендатор leveraged company компания с высокой долей заемных средств limited company компания с ограниченной ответственностью limited: company ограниченный; limited company ком. акционерное общество с ограниченной ответственностью limited insurance company страховая компания с ограниченной ответственностью limited liability company компания с ограниченной ответственностью liability: limited company company акционерное общество с ограниченной ответственностью liner company судоходная компания liquidate a company ликвидировать компанию liquidating company компания-ликвидатор listed company компания, акции которой котируются на фондовой бирже local company местная компания lumber company лесозаготовительная компания mail-order company компания посылочной торговли main company главная компания a man is known by the company he keeps посл. = скажи мне, кто твой друг, и я скажу, кто ты marine insurance company компания морского страхования medium-sized company компания среднего размера multinational company многонациональная компания municipality-controlled company компания, контролируемая муниципалитетом mutual company компания на взаимных началах mutual insurance company компания взаимного страхования natural gas company компания по снабжению природным газом nonlife insurance company компания по страхованию ущерба nonprofit company бесприбыльная компания nonprofit company некоммерческая компания oil company нефтедобывающая компания oil company нефтяная компания one-man company компания, акции которой принадлежат одному лицу one-man company компания с единоличным владельцем open-end investment company инвестиционная компания открытого типа ostensible company фиктивная компания paper company фиктивная компания parent company компания, владеющая контрольным пакетом другой компании; компания-учредитель parent company компания, владеющая контрольным пакетом акций другой компании parent company материнская компания to part company (with smb.) прекратить связь, знакомство (с кем-л.) partnership company товарищество pension insurance company компания страхования пенсии petroleum company нефтяная компания pharmaceutical company фармацевтическая компания phone company телефонная компания present company excepted о присутствующих не говорят; for company за компанию present: present грам.: present tense настоящее время; present participle причастие настоящего времени; present company excepted о присутствующих не говорят primary company основная компания principal company основная компания private company закрытая акционерная компания private company товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью private company частная акционерная компания private insurance company частная страховая компания production company производственная фирма production company производящая компания profit making company компания, получающая прибыль profitable company рентабельная компания property administration company компания, управляющая собственностью property company компания-держатель property company холдинг-компания proprietary company компания-держатель proprietary company холдинг-компания proprietary company частная компания с ограниченной ответственностью public company открытая акционерная компания public company публичная акционерная компания public utility company государственная компания по коммунальному обслуживанию public utility company государственное коммунальное предприятие publishing company издательская фирма quasipublic company квазигосударственная организация quasipublic company частная компания с общественными функциями quoted company компания, акции которой котируются на рынке railway company железнодорожная компания real estate company компания, ведущая операции с недвижимостью real property company компания, ведущая операции с недвижимостью company гости; to receive a great deal of company часто принимать гостей redevelopment company компания по реконструкции жилых районов registered company зарегистрированная компания regulated company компания, деятельность которой регулируется государством reinsurance company компания, осуществляющая перестрахование reinsurance company перестраховочная компания related company дочерняя компания related company компания-участница related company подконтрольная компания retroceding company ретроцедирующая компания sales finance company компания по финансированию продаж в рассрочку salvage company спасательное общество selling company торговая компания semipublic company акционерная компания с собственностью смешанного типа service company компания сферы обслуживания shell company официально зарегистрированная компания, не имеющая существенных активов и не ведущая операций shipowning company судоходная компания shipping company судоходная компания sister company родственная компания sister company филиал компании sole proprietor company компания с единственным владельцем specialized trading company специализированная торговая компания statutory company компания, учрежденная специальным актом парламента (Великобритания) company труппа, ансамбль артистов; stock company постоянная труппа stock company акционерная компания stock company театральная труппа, обычно выступающая в одном театре с определенным репертуаром; театральная труппа со средним составом актеров (без звезд) stock: company = stock company stock-exchange listed company компания, внесенная в курсовой бюллетень stockbroking company компания, ведущая операции с фондовыми ценностями storage company фирма, обслуживающая склад subsidiary company дочерняя компания subsidiary company филиал surety company компания-гарант surviving company компания-наследница surviving company сохранившаяся компания telephone company телефонная компания television company телекомпания trading company торговая компания transport company транспортная компания trust company компания, выступающая в качестве доверительного собственника trust company траст-компания trust company трастовая компания underlying company дочерняя компания, привилегии которой не могут быть переданы материнской фирме unlimited company компания с неограниченной ответственностью urban redevelopment company компания, ведущая перепланировку города utility company предприятие общественного пользования warehousing company складская фирма wholly foreign-owned company фирма, полностью контролируемая иностранным владельцем

English-Russian short dictionary > company

17 trade

1. n занятие, ремесло, профессия

the trade of weaver — ремесло ткача

primitive trade — кустарное ремесло

skilled trade — профессия требующая высокой квалификации

2. n редк. рабочий; ремесленник

mechanical trades — слесари

3. n отрасль торговли; отрасль производства; отрасль промышленности; промышленность

the building trade — строительная промышленность

to open up a country for trade — открыть страну для торговли

office of international trade — отдел международной торговли

free trade agreement — соглашение о свободе внешней торговли

an opening for trade — благоприятная обстановка для торговли

to balance foreign trade — сбалансировать внешнюю торговлю

4. n торговля

coastal trade — каботажная торговля

domestic trade — внутренняя торговля

foreign trade — внешняя торговля

illicit trade — незаконная торговля; торговля наркотиками

wholesale trade — оптовая торговля

tea trade — торговля чаем

trade in arms — торговля оружием

liberty of trade — свобода торговли

to be in trade — заниматься торговлей

to go into trade — заняться торговлей

to do a lot of trade — много торговать

to drive a good trade — вести оживлённую торговлю

to revive trade — возобновлять торговлю

tariffs put a stranglehold on trade — тарифы душат торговлю

second-hand book trade — торговля букинистическими книгами

quantum of world trade — физический объем мировой торговли

foreign trade multiplier — мультипликатор внешней торговли

law of international trade — право международной торговли

5. n рынок

souvenirs for the tourist trade — сувениры для продажи туристам

trade area — рынок сбыта

black market trade — торговля на черном рынке

6. n деловая активность

trade recession — спад деловой активности

trade advertising — реклама для деловых кругов

fair trade practice — добросовестная деловая практика

favourable trade outlook — благоприятная деловая конъюнктура

7. n собир. торговое сословие; купцы, купечество

trade and gentility — торговое и дворянское сословия

trade discount — торговая скидка, продажа по сниженным ценам

balance of trade surplus — активное сальдо торгового баланса

unfair trade practices — недобросовестная торговая практика

lease of trade name — лицензирование торгового наименования

deficit of the balance of trade — дефицит торгового баланса

8. n собир. торговцы или предприниматели; представители определённой профессии

the woollen trade — торговцы шерстью

color trade shop — предприятие или цех многокрасочной печати

trade union official — официальный представитель профсоюза

trade down — продавать или покупать по более дешёвой цене

terms to the trade — условия продажи розничным торговцам

trade up — продавать или покупать по более дорогой цене

9. n собир. разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков; пивовары, винокуры

trade law — торговое право

later trade — последняя продажа

instalment trade — продажа в рассрочку

instalment selling instalment trade — продажа в рассрочку

trade creditor — лицо, предоставившее коммерческий кредит

10. n собир. издатели и книготорговцы

trade dress protection — охрана упаковки или внешнего вида изделия

11. n собир. мор. разг. подводный флот

12. n собир. розничная торговля; магазин, лавка

to be in trade — быть торговцем, иметь магазин

trade industry — торговля

day trade — торговля за день

sea trade — морская торговля

trade act — закон о торговле

arms trade — торговля оружием

13. n собир. розничные торговцы

retail trade turnover — товарооборот розничной торговли

retail trade sales — товарооборот розничной торговли

trade combination — объединение торговцев; картель

retail book trade — розничная книжная торговля

retail trade system — розничная торговая сеть

14. n собир. клиентура, покупатели

to wait on trade — обслуживать покупателей

trade account receivable — счет расчетов с покупателями

trade receivable account — счет расчетов с покупателями

15. n собир. сделка; обмен

an even trade — равноценный обмен

trade deal — торговая сделка

jobber trade — джобберская сделка

crossed trade — кроссированная сделка

foreign trade exchange — внешнеторговый обмен

trade date — дата заключения\исполнения сделки

16. n собир. полит. соглашение; сделка

barter trade — товарообменная сделка; меновая торговля

foreign trade agreement — внешнеторговое соглашение

trade agreement act — закон о торговых соглашениях

foreign trade transaction — внешнеторговая сделка

reciprocal trade arrangement — встречная сделка

17. n собир. диал. уст. или

18. n собир. образ жизни

trade sample — торговый образец

19. n собир. линия поведения

20. n собир. способ; обычай, привычка

или путешествия туда и обратно; отъезд и приезд; уход и приход

trade custom — торговый обычай

custom in trade — торговый обычай

customs in trade — торговые обычаи

customs of the trade — торговый обычай

usage of trade — торговый обычай, узанс, узанция

21. n собир. уст. диал. или суматоха; тревоги, треволнения

22. n диал. хлам; мусор; отбросы

23. n диал. низы общества, дрянь, шваль

two of a trade never agree — два специалиста редко соглашаются друг с другом

24. a торговый

trade agreement — торговое соглашение

trade balance — торговый баланс

trade preference — торговая преференция

visible trade balance — торговый баланс

trade negotiations — торговые переговоры

trade preferences — торговые преференции

practice of the trade — торговая практика

25. a промышленный; экономический

trade association — промышленное объединение

trade waste — промышленные отходы

Trade Disputes Act — закон о промышленных конфликтах

trade waste disposal — обработка промышленных сточных вод

26. a профессиональный

trade journal — профессиональный журнал

trade paper — профессиональная газета

trade secret — профессиональная тайна

trade secrets — профессиональный секрет

trade newspaper — профессиональная газета

trade education — профессиональное образование

trade test — профессиональные испытания, проверка мастерства

27. v торговать

to trade heavily — вести широкую торговлю

28. v менять, обменивать

to trade knives and beads for skins — обменивать ножи и бусы на шкуры

trade off — меняться местами

29. v обмениваться

we traded seats with them — мы обменялись с ними местами

trade a currency against another — обменивать одну валюту на другую

30. v разг. быть постоянным покупателем; отовариваться

to trade with the local grocer — быть постоянным клиентом местного бакалейщика

be in trade — быть торговцем; иметь магазин

to trade off old goods — сбыть лежалые товары

31. v продавать

trade fair rate — цены, по которым гостиница продает свои услуги на больших гостиничных ярмарках

32. v извлекать выгоду, использовать в личных целях

to trade on the credulity of a client — использовать доверчивость покупателя

trade on — использовать

to monopolize trade — захватить в свои руки всю торговлю

Синонимический ряд:

1. change (noun) change; commutation; interchange; shift; substitution; switch; transposition

2. craft (noun) craft; discipline; field; specialty

3. exchange (noun) barter; dealing; exchange; purchase; sale; swap

4. occupation (noun) art; avocation; calling; employment; handicraft; job; line; livelihood; metier; occupation; profession; pursuit; vocation; work

5. patronage (noun) business; commerce; custom; enterprise; industry; patronage; sales; traffic

6. bargain (verb) bargain; barter; change; commute; deal in; exchange; interchange; substitute; swap; switch; traffic; traffic in; truck

7. patronise (verb) buy; patronise; patronize; purchase; sell; shop

English-Russian base dictionary > trade

18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

19 good

good [gʊd]

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1. adjective

2. noun

3. compounds

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► compar better, superl best

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1. adjective

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► When good is part of a set combination, eg in a good temper, a good deal of, look up the noun.

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   a. bon

• a piece of good news une bonne nouvelle

• he's a good man c'est un homme bon

• we had good weather nous avons eu du beau temps

• we had a good time nous nous sommes bien amusés

• it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai

• he's on to a good thing (inf) il a trouvé un bon filon (inf)

• it's a good job I was there heureusement que j'étais là

• it will take you a good hour il vous faudra une bonne heure

• a good 8 kilometres 8 bons kilomètres

   b. ( = kind) gentil

• be good to him soyez gentil avec lui

• that's very good of you c'est très gentil de votre part

• I tried to find something good to say about him j'ai essayé de trouver quelque chose de bien à dire sur lui

• would you be good enough to tell me auriez-vous l'obligeance de me dire

   c. ( = well-behaved) [child, animal] sage

• be good! sois sage !

• Andrew was as good as gold Andrew a été sage comme une image

   d. ( = at ease) I feel good je me sens bien

• I don't feel too good about that (inf) ( = ashamed) j'ai un peu honte de moi

   e. ( = attractive) joli

• she's got good legs elle a de jolies jambes

• that looks good on you ça vous va bien

• you look good! ( = healthy) tu as bonne mine ! ; ( = well-dressed) tu es très bien comme ça !

   f. ( = thorough) to have a good cry pleurer un bon coup

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► Verb + adverb may be used in French, instead of adjective + noun. For combinations other than the following, look up the noun.

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• give it a good rinse rincez-le bien

• give it a good stir mélangez-le bien

   g. (in greetings) good afternoon (early) bonjour ; (later) bonsoir ; (on leaving) bonsoir

• good morning bonjour

• Robert sends his good wishes Robert envoie ses amitiés

• with all good wishes (in letter) cordialement

   h. (in exclamations) good! bien !

• that's a good one! [joke, story] elle est bien bonne celle-là ! (inf)

   i. (emphatic use) we had a good long talk nous avons longuement discuté

• a good long walk une grande promenade

• good old Charles! (inf) ce bon vieux Charles !

• good strong shoes de bonnes chaussures

   j. (set structures)

► it's good to

• it's good to be here ça fait plaisir d'être ici

• it's good to see you looking so well ça fait plaisir de te voir en si bonne forme

• it's good to see you je suis content de te voir

• it's good to talk ça fait du bien de parler

• it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre► good at [+ academic subject] bon en

• good at French bon en français

• he's good at everything il est bon en tout

• she's good at singing elle chante bien

• she's good at putting people at their ease elle sait mettre les gens à l'aise► good with

• she's good with children elle sait s'y prendre avec les enfants

• she's good with her hands elle est habile de ses mains► good enough

• that's good enough for me cela me suffit

• that's not good enough ça ne suffit pas

• it's just not good enough! (indignantly) ça ne va pas du tout !► good for ( = healthy for)

milk is good for children le lait est bon pour les enfants

• it's good for you c'est bon pour la santé

• the shock was good for him le choc lui a été salutaire

• this ticket is good for three months ( = valid for) ce billet est valable trois mois

• my car is good for another few years ma voiture tiendra bien encore quelques années► what's good for

• if you know what's good for you you'll say yes si tu as le moindre bon sens tu accepteras

• what's good for the consumer isn't necessarily good for the economy ce qui bon pour le consommateur ne l'est pas forcément pour l'économie► more than is good for

• they tend to eat and drink more than is good for them ils ont tendance à boire et à manger plus que de raison

• some children know more than is good for them certains enfants en savent plus qu'ils ne devraient► as good as ( = practically) pratiquement

• his career is as good as over sa carrière est pratiquement terminée

• she as good as told me that... elle m'a dit à peu de chose près que...

• it was as good as a holiday c'étaient presque des vacances

• it's as good as saying that... autant dire que...

• he was as good as his word il a tenu promesse► as good as new [thing] comme neuf ( neuve f)

• in a day or so he'll be as good as new dans un jour ou deux il sera complètement rétabli► to make good ( = succeed) faire son chemin ; [ex-criminal] s'acheter une conduite (inf) ; ( = compensate for) [+ deficit] combler ; [+ deficiency, losses] compenser ; [+ expenses] rembourser ; [+ injustice, damage] réparer

• to make good a loss to sb dédommager qn d'une perte

• to make good a promise tenir une promesse

2. noun

   a. ( = virtue) bien m

• good and evil le bien et le mal

• there's some good in him il a de bons côtés

   b. ( = good deeds) to do good faire le bien

• she's up to no good (inf) elle prépare un mauvais coup (inf)

   c. ( = advantage, profit) bien m

• it's for his own good c'est pour son bien

• for the good of the country pour le bien du pays

• the common good l'intérêt m commun

• a lot of good that's done! nous voilà bien avancés !

• he'll come to no good il finira mal

► to do sb good faire du bien à qn

• that will do you good cela vous fera du bien

• what good will that do you? ça t'avancera à quoi ?

• a fat lot of good that will do you! (inf) tu seras bien avancé !

• a lot of good that's done him! le voilà bien avancé !

• it does my heart good to see him ça me réjouit de le voir

   d. ( = use) what's the good? à quoi bon ?

• what's the good of hurrying? à quoi bon se presser ?

• it's not much good to me [advice, suggestion] ça ne m'avance pas à grand-chose ; [object, money] ça ne me sert pas à grand-chose

• that won't be much good cela ne servira pas à grand-chose

• if that is any good to you si ça peut t'être utile

• is he any good? [worker, singer] qu'est-ce qu'il vaut ?

► no good ( = useless)

it's no good ça ne sert à rien

• it's no good saying that ça ne sert à rien de dire cela

• it's no good worrying ça ne sert à rien de se faire du souci

• it's no good, I'll never get it finished in time il n'y a rien à faire, je n'arriverai jamais à le finir à temps

• that's no good ça ne va pas

• I'm no good at maths je suis mauvais en maths

   e. ► for good pour de bon

• he's gone for good il est parti pour de bon

• for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes

• to settle down for good se fixer définitivement

3. compounds

► good-for-nothing noun bon m, bonne f à rien

► Good Friday noun Vendredi m saint

► good guy noun (Cinema) gentil m

► good-humoured adjective [person, appearance, smile] jovial ; [joke] sans malice

► good-looking adjective beau ( belle f)

► good looks plural noun beauté f

► good-natured adjective [person] facile à vivre ; [smile, laughter] bon enfant inv

► good-tempered adjective [person] qui a bon caractère

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT

Le Good Friday Agreement (« Accord du Vendredi saint »), également appelé le Belfast Agreement, a été signé le 10 avril 1998 dans le cadre du processus de paix qui devait mettre fin aux « Troubles » en Irlande du Nord. Il avait pour but de régler les relations entre l'Irlande du Nord et la République d'Irlande et entre ces deux pays et l'Angleterre, l'Écosse et le pays de Galles. Il a mis en place la « Northern Ireland Assembly » et lui a délégué certains pouvoirs. L'accord fut soumis à référendum le 22 mai 1998 et la population vota majoritairement pour.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

* * *
[gʊd] 1.
noun

1) ( virtue) bien m

to do good — faire le bien

to be up to no good — (colloq) mijoter quelque chose (colloq)

to come to no good — mal tourner

2) ( benefit) bien m

for all the good it did me — pour le peu de bien que ça m'a fait

she's too generous for her own good — elle est trop généreuse et ça lui jouera des tours

for the good of his health — lit pour sa santé

it didn't do my migraine any good — ça n'a pas arrangé ma migraine

no good can ou will come of it — rien de bon n'en sortira

no good will come of waiting — il vaut mieux agir tout de suite

to be all to the good — être pour le mieux

3) ( use)

it's no good crying — ça ne sert à rien de pleurer

what good would it do me? — à quoi cela me servirait-il?

4) GB ( profit)

to be £20 to the good — avoir 20 livres sterling à son crédit
2.
goods plural noun

1) ( for sale) gen articles mpl, marchandise f

stolen good — marchandise volée

electrical goods — appareils mpl électro-ménagers

goods and services — biens mpl de consommation et services

2) GB Railways marchandises fpl

3) ( property) affaires fpl, biens mpl

good and chattels — biens et effets personnels

4) (colloq)

to deliver ou come up with the goods — répondre à l'attente de quelqu'un

that's the goods! — c'est parfait!
3.
goods noun modifier GB Railways [ depot, station, train, wagon] de marchandises
4.
adjective (comparative better; superlative best)

1) ( enjoyable) gen bon/bonne; [party] réussi

the good weather — le beau temps

to have a good time — bien s'amuser

have a good day! — bonne journée!

the good things in life — les petits plaisirs de l'existence

the good life — la dolce vita

it's good to see you again — je suis content de vous revoir

2) ( happy)

to feel good about/doing — être content de/de faire

I didn't feel very good about lying to him — je n'étais pas très fier de lui avoir menti

3) ( healthy) [eye, ear etc] bon/bonne

you don't look too good — tu as mauvaise mine

I don't feel too good — je ne me sens pas très bien

4) ( high quality) bon/bonne; ( best) [coat, china] beau/belle; [degree] avec mention (after n)

I'm not good enough for her — je ne suis pas assez bien pour elle

nothing is too good for her son — rien n'est trop beau pour son fils

5) ( prestigious) (épith) [address, marriage] bon/bonne

6) ( obedient) [child, dog] sage; [manners] bon/bonne

there's a good boy ou girl! — c'est bien!

7) ( favourable) bon/bonne

the good thing is that — ce qui est bien c'est que

New York is good for shopping — New York est un bon endroit pour faire les magasins

8) ( attractive) beau/belle

to look good with — [garment, accessories] aller bien avec

she looks good in blue — le bleu lui va bien

9) ( tasty) [meal] bon/bonne

to taste good — avoir bon goût

to smell good — sentir bon inv

to look good — avoir l'air bon

10) ( virtuous) (épith) [man, life] vertueux/-euse; [Christian] bon/bonne

the good guys — les bons mpl

11) ( kind) [person] gentil/-ille

a good deed — une bonne action

to do somebody a good turn — rendre service à quelqu'un

would you be good enough to do —

would you be so good as to do — auriez-vous la gentillesse de faire

12) ( pleasant) [humour, mood] bon/bonne

to be in a good mood — être de bonne humeur

to be very good about — se montrer très compréhensif au sujet de [mistake]

13) ( competent) bon/bonne

she's a good swimmer — elle nage bien

to be good at — être bon en [Latin, physics]; être bon à [badminton, chess]

she's good at dancing — elle danse bien

to be no good at — être nul/nulle en [tennis, chemistry]; être nul/nulle à [chess, cards]

I'm no good at knitting — je ne sais pas tricoter

to be good with — savoir comment s'y prendre avec [children, animals]; aimer [figures]

to be good with one's hands — être habile de ses mains

to be good with words — savoir manier la langue

14) ( beneficial)

to be good for — faire du bien à [person, plant]; être bon pour [health, business, morale]

exercise is good for you — l'exercice fait du bien

he eats more than is good for him — il mange plus qu'il ne devrait

say nothing if you know what's good for you — si je peux te donner un conseil, ne dis rien

15) (effective, suitable, accurate, sensible) bon/bonne

to look good — [design] faire de l'effet

to keep good time — être très précis

this will look good on your CV GB ou résumé US — cela fera bien sur votre CV

that's a good point — tout à fait

16) ( fluent)

he speaks good Spanish — il parle bien espagnol

17) ( fortunate)

it's a good job ou thing (that) — heureusement que

it's a good job ou thing too! — tant mieux!

we've never had it so good — (colloq) les affaires n'ont jamais été aussi prospères

it's too good to be true — c'est trop beau pour être vrai

18) ( serviceable)

this season ticket is good for two more months — cette carte d'abonnement est valable encore deux mois

the car is good for another 10,000 km — la voiture fera encore 10000 km

it's as good a reason as any — c'est une raison comme une autre

to be good for a loan — avoir de l'argent à prêter

19) ( substantial) (épith) [salary, size, hour] bon/bonne

it must be worth a good 2,000 dollars — ça doit valoir au moins 2000 dollars

a good thick mattress — un matelas bien épais

good and early — de très bonne heure

give it a good clean — nettoie-le bien

we had a good laugh — on a bien ri; better, best
5.
as good as adverbial phrase

1) ( virtually) quasiment

to be as good as new — être comme neuf/neuve

2) ( tantamount to)

it's as good as saying yes — c'est comme si tu disais oui

he as good as called me a liar — il m'a plus ou moins traité de menteur
6.
for good adverbial phrase pour toujours
7.
exclamation (expressing pleasure, satisfaction) c'est bien!; ( with relief) tant mieux!; (to encourage, approve) très bien!

••

good for you! — ( approvingly) bravo!; ( sarcastically) tant mieux pour toi!

that's a good one! — (of joke, excuse) elle est bonne celle-là!

good on you! — (colloq) GB bravo!

good thinking — bien vu!

to be onto a good thing (colloq), to have a good thing going — (colloq) être sur un bon filon

you can have too much of a good thing — il ne faut pas abuser des bonnes choses

English-French dictionary > good

20 make

meik 1. past tense, past participle - made; verb
1) (to create, form or produce: God made the Earth; She makes all her own clothes; He made it out of paper; to make a muddle/mess of the job; to make lunch/coffee; We made an arrangement/agreement/deal/bargain.) lage, skape, forme

2) (to compel, force or cause (a person or thing to do something): They made her do it; He made me laugh.) tvinge, få til å

3) (to cause to be: I made it clear; You've made me very unhappy.) gjøre

4) (to gain or earn: He makes $100 a week; to make a profit.) tjene, innbringe

5) ((of numbers etc) to add up to; to amount to: 2 and 2 make(s) 4.) være, utgjøre

6) (to become, turn into, or be: He'll make an excellent teacher.) bli

7) (to estimate as: I make the total 483.) anslå

8) (to appoint, or choose, as: He was made manager.) gjøre til, utnevne

9) (used with many nouns to give a similar meaning to that of the verb from which the noun is formed: He made several attempts (= attempted several times); They made a left turn (= turned left); He made (= offered) a suggestion/proposal; Have you any comments to make?) gjøre, komme med
2. noun
(a (usually manufacturer's) brand: What make is your new car?) merke, fabrikat, modell

- maker
- making
- make-believe
- make-over
- makeshift
- make-up
- have the makings of
- in the making
- make a/one's bed
- make believe
- make do
- make for
- make it
- make it up
- make something of something
- make of something
- make something of
- make of
- make out
- make over
- make up
- make up for
- make up one's mind
- make up to

bygge
--------
gjøre
--------
lage
--------
merke
--------
nå
--------
produsere
--------
rekke
--------
skape
--------
utgjøre

I
subst. \/meɪk\/

1) merke, fabrikat

2) arbeid, tilvirkning, form, støpning (om person), stil, type

on the make ( om sosial mobilitet) på vei oppover på sjekkeren

put the make on (amer.) forsøke å sjekke opp
II
verb ( made - made) \/meɪk\/

1) lage, tilberede, fremstille, produsere, skape, danne

• God made woman

Gud skapte kvinnen

2) ( om klær e.l.) sy, strikke

3) ( om noe skriftlig) skrive

4) ( om seng) re (opp)

5) ( med adjektiv) gjøre, få til å bli

• it makes me happy

det gjør meg glad

6) gjøre til, utnevne til, utpeke til

• they made him their king

de utnevnte ham til konge

7) tvinge til, få til, la

• he makes me work hard

han tvinger meg til å arbeide hardt

• the author made the heroine die

forfatteren lot heltinnen dø

8) tjene, tjene inn, innbringe

• make a fortune

tjene en formue

9) bli, være, danne, utgjøre

• this makes the tenth time

dette er tiende gang

• three times three make(s) nine

tre ganger tre er ni

10) ( om beregning eller tolkning) anslå til, tolke som, forstå som

• what do we make of this?

hvordan skal vi forstå dette?

• I make it ten o'clock

jeg tror klokken er ti

11) fastsette til, bestemme til, sette til, beramme til

• we make the price 10 dollars

vi setter prisen til ti dollar

12) ( om distanse) tilbakelegge, kjøre, gå

• we can make 80 km in an hour

vi kan tilbakelegge 80 km på en time

13) nå (i tide), rekke, komme frem til

• Granny made the bus

bestemor rakk bussen

14) (amer., hverdagslig) bli, avansere til

• Jones made sergeant in six months

Jones avanserte til sersjant på seks måneder

15) ( om tidevann) komme inn, sette inn, tilta

• the tide is making now

tidevannet kommer inn nå

16) ( slang) forføre

• he's been trying to make Janice for the last three years

han har prøvd å forføre Janice i tre år nå

be as... as they make them være så...som man kan få blitt

• he is as honest as they make them

han er ærligheten selv

• she is as sweet as they make them

hun er så søt som hun kan få blitt

be made of money ( hverdagslig) være laget av penger

be made up of bestå av

have (got) it made ( hverdagslig) være sikret suksess

be made up ( nordengelsk) være kjempefornøyd

make after ( gammeldags) sette etter, følge etter

make against være en ulempe for, tale imot

• that makes against your chances

det minsker sjansene dine

make as if eller make as though late som om, gjøre mine til å...

• he made as if he didn't hear us

han lot som om han ikke hørte oss

• he made as if to go

han gjorde mine til å gå

make a speech holde en tale

make at løpe mot

• she made at the door

hun løp mot døren

angripe, slå etter, hytte til

• he made at me with his stick

han hyttet til meg med kjeppen sin

make away stikke, dra

make away with stikke av med, forsvinne med

• the cashier made away with all the money

kassereren stakk av med alle pengene

gjøre ende på, kvitte seg med, rydde av veien, ta livet av

make believe late som

• they made believe that they were on a desert island

de lot som om de var på en øde øy

make do klare seg, greie seg

• you'll have to make do without a car

du får klare deg uten bil

make do and mend klare seg med det man har

make down clothes ( hverdagslig) sy om klær

make for søke seg til, dra til, styre mot, begi seg til, gå til, skynde seg til, løpe mot

• in the summer people make for the coast

om sommeren drar folk ut til kysten

overfalle, angripe, gå løs på

• the dog made for me

hunden angrep meg

fremme, bidra til, støtte, lede til

• this makes for his advantage

dette taler til hans fordel

make good innfri, virkeliggjøre, gjøre alvor av, gjennomføre

• make good one's promise

holde\/innfri et løfte

• make good one's escape

komme seg unna\/unnslippe

(amer.) godtgjøre, erstatte, dekke, gjøre opp for (seg), betale for seg

• make good a loss

dekke et tap

( hverdagslig) lykkes, gjøre det bra, ha hellet med seg, gjøre suksess, gjøre det stort

• he went to Canada, where he soon made good

han dro til Canada, hvor han raskt gjorde suksess

make into ( om forandring) gjøre (om) til, forvandle til, omarbeide til

• the room was made into a study

rommet ble gjort om til kontor

make it lykkes, klare seg

make it up (with) forsones (med), bli venner igjen (med), gjøre opp (med)

make it with somebody ( slang) ligge med noen

make light of bagatellisere, ta lett på, slå bort

make like (amer.) late som

• they make like they don't know me

de later som om de ikke kjenner meg

make off stikke av, rømme

• the tourists made off without paying

turistene stakk av uten å betale

make or break være eller ikke være, briste eller bære

• it is make or break this time

det må briste eller bære denne gangen

make out skrive ut, utstede

• make out a cheque

skrive ut en sjekk

tyde, oppfatte, skjelne, se

• I can't make out her handwriting

jeg klarer ikke å tyde håndskriften hennes

forstå, fatte, begripe, forstå seg på, bli klok på

• I can't make him out

jeg blir ikke klok på ham

påstå, hevde, fremstille som, gi seg ut for

• he made out that I was there

han hevdet at jeg var der

klare seg, lykkes, trives

• she made out very well

hun klarte seg svært bra

make peace slutte fred

make sail ( sjøfart) sette seil

make short of long kort sagt

make someone's day gi noen en fin dag, gi noen en minneverdig dag gjøre noen glad, glede noen

make the most of få mest mulig ut av, utnytte så godt som mulig, dra størst mulig nytte av, gjøre (et) stort nummer (ut) av

make time finne tid, ta seg tid

make time with (amer.) flørte med

make to gjøre tegn til å...

• he made to go

han gjorde tegn til å gå

make towards gå til, føre til, lede til, styre mot, begi seg til, skynde seg til, løpe mot

• this road makes towards Paris

denne veien fører til Paris

make up utgjøre, danne, skape sette sammen, lage (i stand), sette opp, opprette, skrive

• make up a list

sette opp en liste

finne på, dikte opp, lyve opp

• it was all made up

det var bare funnet på

lage (i stand), tilberede, gjøre ferdig, sette sammen, røre sammen

• she made up the dessert from old pieces of cake

hun laget desserten av gamle kakebiter

pakke inn

• make it up into a parcel

pakk det inn som en pakke

sminke, maskere (teater)

• he was made up as a girl

han var sminket som en jente

gjøre opp, avslutte

• make up the account

fylle ut, komplettere, dekke

• he had to make up the deficit

han måtte dekke underskuddet selv

(amer., universitet) gå om igjen, kontinuere, ta (om) igjen ( typografi) brekke om gjøre opp, bli venner igjen

• make up a quarrel

make up (for) erstatte, godtgjøre, ta igjen, oppveie

• make up for the loss

erstatte tapet

make up one's mind bestemme seg

make up to somebody smiske for noen

make with ( slang) komme med, ta frem

English-Norwegian dictionary > make

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deal with deficit

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